Part III. 



. . . . Eeport for 1903. 



Social and Industrial Condition 



OF THE 



Negro in Massachusetts. 



[From the Thirty-fourth Annual Report of the 

Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics 

OF Labor, pp. 215-32,0.] 




BOSTON : 

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 

18 Post Office Square. 

1904. 



CONTENTS. 



SooAL AND Industrial Condition of the Negro in Massachusetts. 



Cities canvassed for occupations and social statistics, . 
Cities and towns canvassed for births, marriages, and deaths, 
Early history and laws, .... 
Population, 

First Census taken in Massachusetts, 

Population: 1790-1900, . 

Negi-o population for cities and towns : 1900, . 

Negro population for cities : 1875-1900, . 

Ages of negro population : 1900, 

Place of birth of native-born negroes : 1900, 

Conjugal condition of negroes : 1900, 
Occupations, 

Occupations of negroes : 1890 and 1900, . 

Occupations of negroes : by sex. 

Occupations in detail, .... 

Place of birth of negroes. 

Conjugal condition of negi'oes. 

Length of residence in Massachusetts of negroes, 

N umber of voters, .... 

Recapitulation, 

Negroes in gainful occupations : 1900, 
Births, marriages, and deaths. 

Births of negroes : 1900-1902, . 

Marriages of negroes : 1900-1902, . 

Deaths : 1880, 1890, and 1900, . 

Death rates per thousand of total male and female popula- 
tion, white and colored : 1880, 1890, and 1900, 

Deaths of negroes : 1900-1902, 

Causes of death : 1890, 1900, . 

Causes of death in 37 cities and towns, 
Kducation, 

School attendance, .... 

School attendance of negroes : 1890 and 1900, 

UHloracy of negro and white population, 

.. .«•.••• • iVouclri^ii on 3rd page of cover.) 



Pag« 
217 — 



217 
218-229 
229-241 
230-232 
232, 233 
234-236 

236. 237 

237. 238 
238 

239-241 
241-261 
242 
243-245 
245-249 
249-253 
258-255 
255-257 

257. 258 

258. 259 
269-261 
261-270 
261, 262 
262-264 

264 

264-266 
266-268 

268. 269 

269. 270 
270-276 
271,272 
272-274 
274-276 



APR 8 1904 
n. ftf n. 



/ 






Social and Industrial Condition 



OF THE 



Negro in Massachusetts. 



[215] 



/ / /^i 



Social and Industrial Condition 



OF THE 



Negro in Massachusetts. 



In response to various inquiries concerning the negro race 
in Massachusetts, the data on the following pages are presented 
as the result of special investigation of the subject. The fol- 
lowing cities, in which the negro population in 1900 was 
14,140, were canvassed: Boston, Brockton, Chelsea, Fitch- 
burg, Quincy, AValtham, Woburn, and Worcester, and the 
occupations and social statistics obtained for 8,335 persons, 
or over one-half of that number. A canvass for births, mar- 
riages, and deaths included the following cities and towns : 
Amherst, Attleborough, Boston, Brockton, Brookline, Cam- 
bridge, Chelsea, Everett, Fall River, Great Barrington, Ha- 
verhill, Hyde Park, Lawrence, Lee, Lenox, Lowell, Lynn, 
Maiden, Medford, Melrose, New Bedford, Newbury port, New- 
ton, North Adams, Northampton, Pittsfield, Plymouth, Salem, 
Somerville, Springfield, Stockbridge, Taunton, Wareham, Wil- 
liamstown, Winchester, Woburn, and Worcester. The negro 
population of these cities and towns in 1900 was 26,932, or 
84.23 per cent of the total negro population of the State. 

The various subjects treated in this Part are the early his- 
tory and condition of the negro in Massachusetts, population, 
occupations, vital statistics, ownership of farms and homes, 
pauperism and crime, education, and churches and social organ- 
izations, together with data regarding a recent conference at 
Tuskegee, Alabama. The presentations are purely statistical 
in their nature, with only such editorial comment as will serve 
to introduce or explain the tables. We do not feel that it is 

[217] 



•21.S STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

witliiii the priiNiiui' of this Department to treat of the social 
et|iuiti()ri of the wiiite and black races, and, therefore, leave to 
students ol' nuial conditions the opportunity to make their own 
dctluctions. 

Earhj Hixlonj and Laivs. 

The earlv history of the netjro in Massachusetts and the sub- 
ject of slavery arc so intimately related that it would be diificult 
t«i write of one without trenching in some respects upon the 
other. Slavery of the Indian began soon after settlement, and 
that of the negro followed. At the very birth of the foreign 
commerce of New England, the African slave trade became a 
regular business, and the ships which took cargoes of staves and 
lish to ^ladeira and the Canaries were accustomed to touch on 
the coast of Guinea " to trade for neo;roes," who were carried 
uenerallv to Barbados or the other Enodish islands in the West 
Indies, the demand for them at home being but small. ^ Com- 
})aratively few were kept in Boston and surrounding towns, 
most of them being house and body servants. 

It would, however, be a misinterpretation of history to con- 
sider that the early settlers of the Colony of Massachusetts 
Bay were connnon slave holders and dealers in slaves. From 
their [)oint of view, they were the elect of God to whom were 
given this continent and its treasures and its people as an in- 
heritance, and being stern men and fanatics, believing them- 
selves the favorites of the Divine Onmipotence, a chosen 
people, their acts — harsh and uncompromising as they appear 
to us now — were committed under the sanction of religious 
conviction. In making war upon the Indian, making him cap- 
tive, and selling his women and children into slavery, they 
considered that they were but entering into the possession of 
their iK^ritage, and disposing of their own.^ In reviewing this 
portion of our subject Ave shall touch briefly on the early 
colonial history and laws governing slaves, which comprised 
Indians taken captive in battle, negroes imported (obtained 



• Hildretli's History of the Unitud Si:ites, Vol. I., p. 282. 

' TJio iiivoluMtary servitude of Indians and negroes in the several colonies origi- 
iiHti'd under ;i law not pronniltcated by legisliition, and rested upon prevalent views 
of universal jurisprudenee, or the /((/'.' <>/ ixttious, sui^ported by the express or im- 
plied authority of the home government. —ioio of Freedom and Bondage, ^ 216, 
I., 225. 



No. 15.] TIIK \K(iKO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 219 

• 

by purchase or exchangv), and criminals condemned to a cer- 
tiiin slavery as a punishment for ott'ences committed. 

The first mention of negroes brought to America is found 
in the instructions given by the Spanish Court to Ovando, in 
the year 1501, by which negro slaves " born in the power of 
Clu'istians" were allowed to be sent to the Indies. ^ In 1619, 
twenty African slaves, the first in America, were landed and sold 
in Jamestown, Virginia, from a Dutch man-of-war. This was 
the beo-innino- of negro slaveholding throughout the Southern 
Colonies. 2 In 1637, Hugh Peter of Salem wrote to Jolm Win- 
throp that he had heard of women and children being distributed 
among the i)eople of Boston for servants and stated that he and 
Mr. Endecott would be glad to share in the division and ' ' re- 
ceive a young woman or girl and a boy." This was the begin- 
ning of the colonial slave trade, and the disposition of captive 
Indians w^as in accordance with the custom and, evidently, the 
previous practice of the authorities. It is certain that during 
the Pequot War they took many prisoners, ^nd according to 
Winthrop^ they were disposed of among the persons about 
Boston, and those who ran away and were recaptured w^ere> 
"branded on the shoulder." 

In July, 1637, Winthrop says, " AYe had now slain and 
taken, in all, about seven hundred. We sent fifteen of the 
boys and two women to Bermuda, by Mr. Pierce."* Under 
date of 1638, it appears that this " ]Mr. Pierce in the Salem 
ship, the Desire, returned from the West Indies after seven 
months. He had been at Providence [Bahamas] and brought 
some cotton, and tobacco, and negroes."^ In 1641, the "Body 
of Liberties," or "code of fundamentals," distinctly recognized 
the lawfulness in Massachusetts of Indian and negro slavery, 
as well as approved of the African slave trade, ^ anticipating 
by about 20 years the statutes of Virginia or Maryland in this 
regard. The Puritans insisted, however, that the traffic be 
confined to captives in war and slaves in Africa. This section 

' The Conquerors of the New "World, Vol. I., p. 170. 

2 The Colonies. Reuben Gold Thwaites, p. 74. 

^ Winthrop's New England, Vol. I., p. 232. 

* Ibid., p. 234. 

= Ibid., p. 254. 

« Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. I., p. 278. 



220 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

of the Body of Liberties, which was the first statute establish- 
ing slavery in America, reads as follows : 

"There shall never be an}' bond slaverie, villinage or CaiDtivitie 
amongst us unles it be lawfull Captives taken in just warres, and such 
strangers as willingly selle themselves or are sold to us. And these 
shall have all the liberties and Christian usag-es which the law of grod 
established in Israeli concerning such persons doeth morally require. 
Tliis exempts none, from servitude who shall l^e Judged thereto by 
Authoritie."'' 

Emanuel Downing, brother-in-law of John Winthrop, wrote 
in 1G45 : "A war with the Narragansett is verie considerable 
to this plantation, ftbr I doubt whither yt be not synne in us, 
having power in our hands, to sufter them to maynteyne the 
worship of the devill, which their paw wawes often doe ; 21ie, 
if upon a Just warre the Lord should deliver them into our 
hands, we might easily have men, women, and children enough 
to exchange for Moores, which will be more gaynful pilladge 
for us than wee conceive, for I doe not see how wee can thrive 
untill wee gett into a stock of slaves sufficient to doe all our 
business, for our children's children will hardly see this great 
continent filled with people, soe that our servants will still 
desire freedom to plant for themselves, and will not stay but 
for verie great wages. And I suppose you know verie well 
how wee shall maynteyne twenty Moores cheaper than one 
English servant." 2 

In 1()()8, the instructions from the Crown to Gov. Andros re- 
quired him to pass a law restraining inhuman severity Avhich 
might be used by bad masters or overseers towards Christian 
servants and slaves, and the punishing by death for the wilful 
killing of Indians and negroes. The law of 1()98 forbade trading 
with any " Indian, molato, or negro servant," and whipping was 
the prescribed punishment. In 1 701 , the representatives of the 
town of P>oston were " desired to promote the encouraging the 
bringing of Avhite servants, and to put a period to negroes 
being slaves," 3 but in 170P), a law Avas passed in restraint of 

' Mass. Hist. Coll., III., VIII., p. 231. 

^ In Josselyn's " Account of Two Voyages to New England," published in Lon- 
don in Ifilit, ill speaking of tlie people of Boston he said: " Tliey are well accom- 
modated Willi servants . . . some are Englisli, others negroes," p. 182. 

" Mass. Hist. Coll., II., VIII., 184. 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACTIISETTS. 221 

the " manumission, discharge, or setting free of molatto or 
negro slaves." In ITOo, Indian, negro, and nmlatto servants 
or slaves were prohibited from being abroad after nine o'clock. 
In 1705, " for the better preventing of a spurious and inixt 
issue" provision was made for punishing negroes and nudattoes 
for improper intercourse with the whites, by selling them to 
persons outside of the Province. The law also provided for 
the punishment by whii)i)ing of any negro for striking a Chris- 
tian, and prohibited the marriage of Christians with negroes or 
mulattoes, imposing a penalty of fifty i)ounds upon the i)erson 
performing the ceremony. It provided also against unreason- 
able denial of marriage to negroes with those of the same race. 

In 1786, the legislature passed an "Act for the orderly 
solemnization of Marriage" in wliich it was enacted "that no 
person authorized bv this Act to marry shall loin in niarriao-e 
any Avhite person with any negro, Indian, or mulatto, under 
penalty of fifty pounds ; and all such marriages shall be ab- 
solutely null and void." This prohibition continued until 1848, 
when it was repealed by a special Act relating to marriages 
between individuals of certain races. 

The statute of 1705 provided an impost duty of four pounds 
per head on every negro brought into the Province after May 
1, 1706. A penalt}' of doul)le the amount was imposed for 
refusal or neglect to make the prescril:>ed entry ; a drawback 
was allowed on exportation, and a like advantage allowed to 
the purchaser of an}^ negro mIio died within six weeks after 
importation. In 1727, "the traific in slaves appears to have 
been more an object in Boston than at any period before or 
since." ^ More stringent regulations were adopted in 1728 
and 1739, the latter placing the time for the drawback on the 
death of negroes at six months after importation. This law 
expired by limitation in 1749. 

Free negroes were not allowed in the militia, and in 1707 
an Act was passed requiring them to perform certain services 
on the highways and streets as an equivalent, and tlie same 
Act prohibited them from entertaining servants of their own 
color in their homes unless Avith the permission of the masters 
of the slaves. 

' Drake's Hist, of Boston, p. 574. 



222 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

AVith respect to the early laws of taxation in Massachusetts, 
slaves were undoubtedly rated as polls, the owners being called 
upon to pay for them as for other servants and children as " such 
as take iu)t wao-es." This condition continued until 1(592 when 
'■ ' every male slave of sixteen years old and upwards " was 
rated "at twenty i)ounds estate." In 1694, "all negro's, mo- 
lattoes, and Indian Servants, as well male as female, of 16 
years old and upwards, at the rate of l'2d per poll same as 
mother polls." In 1(595, males were taxed at " 14 years of age 
and upwards at the rate of -20/ estate, and females at 14/ 
■estate, unless disabled by infirmity." They were subsequently 
i-ated "as other personal estate," which mode was continued 
in 1G96, 1697, and 1698, in the latter year "according to the 
sound judgment and discretion of the Assessors, not including 
faculties." 1 There was but slight variation in these laws dur- 
ing the entire colonial period. 

In 1716, Judge Sewall endeavored to prevent the rating 
'of negroes with live stock without avail, but in 171<S, negro 
and mulatto servants for life were estimated as other personal 
estate, while those for a term of years were numbered and 
rated as other polls. In 172(5, the assessors were rec^uired to 
(estimate all negro and mulatto servants in the same proportion 
.•as other personal estate, and in 1727, the rating of 1718 was 
Testored for one year, the law of 1728 being the same as in 
1726, and so it probably remained thereafter. 

On April 12, 1771, a Inll was introduced in the legislature 
to prevent the importation of slaves from Africa, Ixit failed to 
o])tain the approval of the Governor, and thereafter, year after 
year, attempts were made to discourage the slave trade with- 
out success. In 1785, the legislature took the initiative and 
instituted an inquiry as to the proper measures to be adopted 
by th(!m to discountenance and |)revent any inhabitant of the 
Commonwealth being concerned in this trade. A joint com- 
mittee was appointed and bills were prepared which were re- 
ferred to a committee with instructions to revise all laws 

' This rating for "Faculties" was a pi-oininent feature in the early tax laws. 
It was aiij)lieil to white men from tlie beiiinninji;, beiiii; intended as a just valuation 
for those who had trades, arts, and faculties, by the product of which they were 
" more enabled to help bear the publick charge, than common labourers and work- 
men." General Lavves and Libertyes IGfiO Edition, p. 15. 



No. I.-).] THE XK(iK() IX :\rA88ACIlUSF;iTS. 223 

respecting negroes und niiilattoes and report to the next (u-n- 
eral Court. The following year other eoniniittecs reported 
various measures, and several petitions were introduced, but it 
was not until 1788 that the prohibition of the slave trade by 
Massachusetts was })ractieally elleeted, the legislature passing 
an Act to " Prevent the Slave Trade, and for arantinii: Relief to 
the Families of such unhappy Persons as may be Kidnapped 
or decoyed awa}' from this Connnon wealth." 

During this same session, the legislature passed a law for 
the suppression and })unishmeut of "rogues, vagabonds, com- 
mon beggars, and other idle, disorderly, and lewd persons." 
By section V, it was enacted '' that no person being an African 
or negro, other than a subject of the Emperor of Morocco, or 
a citizen of some one of the United States (to be evidenced 
by a certificate from the Secretary of the State of which he is 
a citizen), shall tarry within this Commonwealth for a longer 
time than two months, and upon complaint made to any Jus- 
tice of the Peace within this Commonwealth, that any such 
person has been within the same more than two months, the 
said Justice shall order the said person to depart of this Com- 
monwealth, and in case that the said African or neoro shall 
not depart as aforesaid, any Justice of the Peace within this 
Commonwealth, u})on complaint and proof made that such 
person has continued within this Connnon wealth ten days after 
notice given him or her to depart as aforesaid, shall conmiit 
the said person to any house of correction within the county, 
there to be kept to hard labor . . . until the sessions of the 
Peace, next to be holden . . . and if upon trial ... it 
shall be made to appear that the said person has thus continued 
within this Commonwealth, contrary to the tenor of this Act, 
he or she shall be whipped not exceeding ten stripes, and 
ordered to depart out of this Commonwealth within ten days ; 
and if he or she shall not so depart, the same process shall be 
had and punishment inflicted, and so foties quofies." 

In the Massachusetts Mercury of September 16, 1800, the 
following notice appears : 

Notice to Blacks. The Officers of Police having made retuni to the 
Subscriber of the names of the following persons, who are Africans or 
Negroes, not subjects of the Emperor of Morocco nor citizens of the United 



224 STATIST RS OF LABOR. [Pub, Doc. 

States, the same arc licivhy whi-ucI uii.l dirfrlcd to (lc[i:irl out of this Com- 
monwealth iH'foiv Ih.' inlh (lay of (K'tol)i'r urxt, as tlu-y wouhl avoid the 
pain and penalties of the law in tlial case i)rovid(Hl, whit-li was passed by 

the Legislature, March '2(5, 1788. 

Charles Bulfinch, Superintendent. 

By order and dii-cction of the Selectmen. 

This notice was copied in other cities, and, wliile no ulterior 
motive was ascribed to the order, it was eotnmented upon by 
the Boston press as indicating the siuii)Ie carrying out of the 
original design of the Act, whicli was to abate pauperism. 
Additional acts were passed in 1798 and 1802, but this por- 
tion was neither modified nor repealed. In 1821, the Legis- 
lature, alarmed by "the increase of a species of population, 
which threatened to become both injurious and burdensom," 
and fully aliye to "the necessity of checking"' it, appointed 
a connnittee to report a bill concerning the admission into the 
State of free negroes and mulattoes.^ This report, written by 
Theodore Lyman, Jr., chairman of the coimiiittee, was handed 
in January 1."), 1822, and stated that " the black convicts in the 
State Prison, on the first of Jantiary, 1821, formed liGl/o part 
of the black population of the State, while the white convicts, at 
the same time, formed but 2140 part of the white population. 
It is l)elieyed that a similar proportion will be found to exist 
in all pul^lic establishments of this State ; as well Prisons as 
Poor-Houses." The committee which he represented was, how- 
ever, imable to accomplish the duty undertaken, or to report 
a liill. Attention was called to the law of 1788 regulating 
the residence in this State of certain persons f)f color, and the 
belief stated that " this law has never been enforced, and in- 
effectual as it has proved, they would never have been the 
authors of placing among the Statutes a law so arbitrary in 
its princii)les, and in its operation so little accordant with 
the institutions, feelings, and practices of the people of this 
O(.ininonw(>alth. The history of that law has well convinced 
the Connnittee that no measure (which they could devise) 
would bi' attended with the smallest good consequence. That 
it would have been a matter of satisfac^tion and congratulation 
to the Committee if they had succeeded in framing a law, which 
. . . should have promised to check and finally to overcome 



' House Journals, Vol. XLIf., p. f«2, et seq. 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 225 

an evil upon which they have never been a])le lo h)ok with un- 
concern. But a law, which should produce that effect, would 
entirely depart from that love of humanity, that respect for 
hospitality and for the just rights of all classes of men, in the 
constant and successful exercise of which the inhabitants of 
jNIassachusetts have been singularly conspicuous.''^ 

The committee recommended the repeal of the Act of 1788, 
and later made another report in which they agreed that " it 
does not comport Avitli the dignitv of this State to withhold 
that brief statement of facts, to be found in its annals, con- 
cerning the abolition of this trade in ^Massachusetts — a state- 
ment which Avill prove both highly honorable, and in perfect 
accordance with the remarkable spirit of wholesome and rational 
libertj^ by which this Commonwealth has been greatly distin- 
guished from the earliest period." It gave an account of the 
existence of slavery in the State and said, " these slaves were 
procured in several ways — either from the Dutch, in New 
York, from the Southern provinces in North America. . . . 
Few came by a direct trade." 

Another Act was passed in 1825, but without changing the 
provision against the negroes, and this statute continued on 
the law book of the Commonwealth until March 29, 1834, 
Avhon it was repealed b}^ the general repealing section of an 
Act relating to Gaols and Houses of Correction. 

The political status of the negro in ^Massachusetts ^vas not 
definitelj^ determined as late as 1795. Dr. Belknap was of the 
opinion that the Constitution did not disqualify him either 
from electing or being elected, provided he had all the other 
necessary qualifications required by the law. He asserted that 
some negroes had voted for officers of the State and federal 
o-overnments and instanced the election of one negro to the 
office of a town clerk in one of the country towns. '-^ 

The first article of the Declaration of Rights, written by 
John Adams and reported to the constitutional convention, 
in 1779, was as follows : 

Art. I. All men are born equally free and independent, and have cer- 
tain natural, essential, and unalienaVjle rights: among which may be 

^ Notes on the Hist, of Slavery in Mass., p. 238. 
" Mass. Hi.st. Coll. I., IV., 208. 



22G STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

reckoned the right of enjo3-ing and defending their lives and liberties ; 
that of af(]nirlng, possessing, and protectiiTg tlieir property ; in fine, that 
of seeking and ol)taining their safety and Iiappiness. 

Only slii>:ht verbal changes were made by the convention in 
this declaration, but it was always a matter of discussion and 
of various opinions as to tlie " natural" freedom of the negro, 
■whether he had the right to \'ote or be voted for, and Daniel 
AVebster to within a few years of his death had not been able 
to determine the question as to when and under what circum- 
stances slavery ceased to exist in Massachtisetts.^ Upon this 
question, at that time, hinged the matter of elections. In 
1<S;)(), Chief Justice Shaw said, "How, or by what act par- 
ticularly, slavery was al)olished in Massachusetts, whether by 
the adoption of the opinion in Sommersett's case, as a declara- 
tion and modification of the comiiion law, or by the Declaration 
of Independence, or by the constittition of 1780, it is not now 
\ery eas}^ to determine, and it is rather a matter of curiosity 
tluin utility ; it being ao-reed on all hands, that if not abolished 
before, it was so by the declaration of rights." ^ Certain it is, 
however, that jVIassachusetts never did, by statute, abolish 
slavery ; and as late as I800, her Supreme Court left the mat- 
ter an open question.'^ 

The Duke de la Rochefoucault Liancourt gives an interest- 
ing accoimt of the termination of slavery in Massachusetts.^ 
" in 1781, some negroes, prompted by private suggestion, 
maintained that they were not slaves : they found advocates 
. . . and the cause was carried before the supreme court. 
Their counsel })leade(l, 1. Tliat no antecedent law had estab- 
lished slavery, and that the laws which seemed to suppose it 
were the offspring of error in the legislators, Avho had no au- 
thority to enact lliem : — 2. That such laws, even if the}' had 
existed, were aniuilied by the new Constitution. The}' gained 
the cause under both aspects : and the solution of this first 
question that \vas brought forward set the negroes entu'ely at 
liberty, and at the same time precluded their pretended owners 

' Mass. Hist. Coll. IV., IV., :33:{. 
= Commonwealth ?\s. Aves, 18 Pickering, 209. 
•'' Law of Negro Slavery, Cobb, Vol. I., p. clxxi. 
* Travels, Vol. II., p. IGO. 



No. 15.] THE XEUKO IN ALVSSACllUSETTS. 227 

from all claim to indemnification, since they were proved to 
have possessed and held them in slavery without any right. 
As there were only a few slaves in Massachusetts, the decision 
passed Avithout opposition, and banished all further idea of 
slavery." 

Early in the war for independence the question arose as to 
the advisability of enlisting negroes in the Army. The min- 
isters and others who were favorably- disposed to the abolition 
of slavery urged their views upon the Continental Congress, 
but met with scant regard. The first Provincial Congress in 
October, 1774, thought it proper that " while we arc attemi)t- 
ing to free ourselves . . . and preserve ourselves from slav- 
ery,"' some consideration ought to be granted the negro slaves, 
but Avlien the question was put, after debate, "Whether the 
matter now subside," it was carried in the ath'rmativc, and 
subsided. In May, 1775, the Committee of Safety passed a 
resolve that in their opinion "the admission of an}^ persons, 
as soldiers, into the army now raising, l)ut only such as arc 
freemen, will be inconsistent Avith the principles that are to be 
supported, and reflect dishonor on this Colony, and that no 
slaves be admitted into this army upon any consideration 
whatever." 

Washinii'ton assumed command of the army around Boston 
on July 3, 1775, and on the 10th he issued his instructions to 
the recruiting officers which prohibited the enlistment of any 
negro and also forbade the enlistment of ''any person who is 
not an American born, unless such person has a wife and 
family, and is a settled resident of the country." According 
to Bancroft, however, the names of colored persons were borne 
on the roll of the army at Cambridge from its first formation : 
"Free negroes stood in the ranks by the side of white men." 
On September 2(i, 1775, the Continental Congress debated 
wdiether or not to instruct Washington to discharge all negroes, 
free or slaves, bift so })0werful was the oi)p()sition that the 
motion was defeated. At a council of Avar, held October 8, 
1775, the question of the enlistment of negroes arose, and 
it was "agreed unanimously to reject all slaves; and, by a 
great majority, to reject negroes altogether. In general orders, 
November 12, 1775, Washington said that negroes were not 



2-2f< STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

to be enlistcHl. However, in general orders, December 30, 
1775, he .said: "As the (xeneral is inforiiied that numbers of 
free negroes are desirous of enlisting, he gives leave to the 
recruiting officers to entrain them, and promises to lav the 
matter before the Congress, who, he doubts not, will a})})rove 
of it." Congress, on January 15, 177(i, ordered "that the 
free negroes who have served faithfully in the army at Cam- 
bridge may be re-enlisted therein, but no others.'' 

Other leading patriots in other States tried to secm-e the en- 
listment of negroes but failed in nearly everj^ instance. John 
Laurens was the most energetic in this direction but failed to 
move the prejudice of the South. AVashington comforted him 
and while not surprised at the failure, added, "That spirit of 
freedom, Avhich at the commencement of this contest W'Ould 
have gladly sacrificed everything to the attainment of its ob- 
ject, has long since subsided, and every selfish passion has 
taken its place. . . . Under these circumstances it would 
rather have been surprising if you had succeeded." 

(iraydon in his ^Memoirs, in describing the army at Xew York 
ill 1 77(), makes a favorable exception of Glovers regiment from 
]Marblehead, ]\Iass., among the "miserably constituted bands 
from New England. . . . But even in this regiment there were 
a munber of negroes, Avhich, to })ersons unaccustomed to such 
associations, had a disagreeable, degrading effect."^ In 1778, 
a committee of the Massachusetts legislature rojiorted in favor 
of raising a regiment of " negroes, mulattoes, or Lidians " in 
which one sergeant in each company and all the higher officers 
were to ))e white men. 

From an ofiicial document of the main army under (leneral 
Washingtoirs immediate command, dated August 24, 177.S, it 
appears that there were 755 negroes in the army, of whom ^)86 
were present on that date, 1)8 sick or absent, and 71 detailed 
elsewhere on conunand. This does not include the Ehode 
Island regiment. Probably every State liiid its colored rep- 
resentatives in the ranks, for there are acknowdedgments of 
services rendered among nearly all the State records. 

In this connection it is interesting to briefly note the pres- 
ence of the negro in the Army and Navy during the Civil War. 



' Mei)iuii>: of a Life. Alex, (iniydoii, p. 131. 



No. 1").] I UK xi<:(;ro in massaciu si^:tts. 2-2u 

Accordiiiii' to the dc'scri})tivo I'Ksts of ciilistiiu'iits at the Boston 
Navy Yard, the nuinbei- of iieiiToey enUsted in the Navy from 
April 2, l.Sdl, to April 14, ISi;'), was IjodO. From the regi- 
mental records in the Adjutant (Jcnerafs Department, wc find 
5,878 negroes credited to the (Vnnmonwealth of IVhissachusetts, 
as follows: r)4tli regiment, \,VSf), of this number, 92 were 
transferred to the r)r)th regiment, leaving 1,843; f)5th regi- 
ment, including those transferred from the f) 4th, 1,1()8; fifth 
regiment, Massachusetts Cavalry, 1,413; United States colored 
troops credited to Massachusetts, 1,954, making the total for 
the State, 5,878. 

In the history of Regimental Losses in the American Civil 
War, 18(M-()5, by Wnu F. Fox, Lt. Col., U. S. V.,i the total 
number of colored troo})s who served in the Army is given 
as 178,975. Of this number, 99,337 were recruited in the 
Southern States. The author states that there were 166 regi- 
ments of colored troops organized during the war. In a vol- 
ume entitled A Brave Black Regiment, History of the 54th 
Regiment, M. V., 18(53-65, by Luis F. Fmilio,'^ it is stated 
that "in September, 1862, General Butler began organizing the 
Louisiana Native Guards from free negroes. General Saxton, 
in the Department of the South, formed the First South Caro- 
lina from contrabands in October of the same year, and Colonel 
James Williams, in the sunmier of 1862, recruited the First 
Kansas Colored. After these regiments next came in order 
of oro-anization the 54th Massachusetts, which was the first 
raised in the Northern States east of the Mississippi River. 
Thenceforward the recruiting of colored troops North and 
South was ra})idly pushed. As a result of the measure, 1(57 
organizations of all arms, embracing 186,097 enlisted men 
of African descent, were mustered into the United States 

service." 

Populatio)i. 

EdAvard Randol})h, in answer to certain incjuiries on the sub- 
ject made in 167(5, reported that there were not above 200 slaves 
in the colony, and these were brought from Guinea and Mada- 
gascar. In 1(580, Governor Bradstreet stated that "There hath 
been no Compan}^ of blacks or Slaves brought into the Country 

» Pp. 5o2, 533. - Pp. 1,2.. 



230 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

since the beginning of this phmtation, for the space of Fifty 
yeares, onely one small Yesscll about two yeares since, after 
twenty months' voyage to Madagasca, brought hither betwixt 
Forty and fifty Negro's, most women and Children. Sold here 
for 10/, 15?, and 20/ apiece, which stood the merchants in neer 
40/ apiece one with another: Now and then, two or three 
Neirro's are brouirht hither from Barliados and other of his 
Majesties plantations, and sold here for about twent}^ pounds 
apiece. So that there may bee Avithin our Government about 
one hundred or one hundred and twenty." ^ 

Judffe Sewall referred to the " numerousness " of the slaves 
in the Province in 1700. Governor DudUy reported to the 
Board of Trade in 1708, giving 400 as the number in Boston, 
one-half of whom were born there ; and in one hundred other 
towns and villages, 150 more. From January 24, 1()1)8, to 
December 25, 1707, there arrived in Boston about 200 negroes. 
Governor Shute Avrote to the Lords of Trade on Februar}' 17, 
1720, and gave the number of slaves in Massachusetts as 2,000, 
including a few Indians. He added that during the same year 
37 male and IG female negroes were imported, the same as "for 
seven years last past."' In 1735, there were 2,600 negroes 
in the Province according to the first volume of the British 
Dominions in North America, as (juoted by Dr. Holmes, and 
in 1742, Douglas estimated that there Avere 1,514 in Boston 
alone. On November 19, 1754, the legislature ordered that 
the assessors of the several towns and districts Avithin the 
Province "send into the Secretary's office the exact number 
of negro slaves, both males and females, 16 years old and 
upwards." 

This Avas the first Census taken in Massachusetts. Many of 
the original papers are missing, so that it is impossible to give 
the exact figures, but such as are in existence indicate that 
there were 1,501 males above 1(5 years of age and 857 females, 
the total, hoAvever, being given as 2,717, a difference of 
351). Joseph B. Felt, in 1845, endeavored to mani])ulate 
these figures so as to arrive at some reasonable conclusion. ^ 
He says, "The sums of the lines for males and females fall 

' Miiss. Hist. Coll. III., VIII., :VM. 

^ Coll. American Stati.stical Association, Vol. I., p. 208. 



No. 15.] THE .\KGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2:U 

short of the sum of the totals. ... If vvc add to the total of 
2,717 the proportion for slaves uiulcr 1(), beini>- about 1,132, 
the whole number of slaves, aocordiiig to the returns, would 
be 3,841*. If, for the many towns whence no reports were 
made, or if so, not preserved, we add ()4(), the ju-obable num- 
ber of slaves in them, we have 4,481)." The second Census, 
which in reality Avas the first general enumeration of the popu- 
lation, was taken in 1764-5, in one of the stormiest periods of 
our history, and this Census places the number of negroes at 
5,312. Mr. Felt says: "The manuscript previously quoted 
gives the number of blacks for the same Census, 5,214; males, 
2,998, and females, 2,216. Williamson supposes that those of 
Maine [then a part of Massachusetts] , not returned, amounted 
to 332. For Newbury, Newburyport, Dracut, and Hanover, 
whence no specific returns appear to have been made, we may 
add 135 more. These two numbers, with the above total of 
5,312, would allow 5,779." ^ In 1776, the census of blacks 
as contained in the several counties totalized to 5,249. These 
figures are probably far from absolute but with those for 1784 
(4,377) and 1786 (4,371) are "put down, according to the 
generally allowed returns, without allowances for such . . . as 
may have been either deficient or not made at all."^ 

Besides enjoying the honor of having taken the first Census 
of negro slaves, Massachusetts also enjoys the distinction of 
appearing in the first Census of the United States (1790) Avith- 
out any slaves among her population. The ^Marshal of the ]Mas- 
sachusetts District had charge of the enumeration and when he 
inquired for slaves, most people answered " none ; " if any said 
he had one, the Marshal would ask him if he meant to be sin- 
gular, and declared that no other person had given in any. 
The ansAver was then, "If none are given in, I Avill not be 
singular ; " and thus the list AA'^as completed Avithout any num- 
ber in the column for slaves. ^ Dr. Belknap's account of this 
Census AA'as to the effect that the schedule sent out on that 
occasion contained three columns for free Avhites of scA^eral 
descriptions, a fourth for "all other free persons," and a fifth 
for "slaves." There being none put into the last column, it 
became necessary to put the blacks and the Indians into the 

' Ibid., p. 213. = Ibid., p. 214. ^ Life of Belkuap, pp. 164, 165. 



232 



8TATISTKVS OF LABOll. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Iburlh column.' The iiuni))er .so returned was (i,0()l. The 
Census of 1800 <j:ives the nunibcr of ''other free persons ex- 
cept Indians not taxed " us 6,452, and that of 1<S10 as (),737. 
How many of (hese were negroes it is not possible to estimate. 
The foUowinij table shows the numl)er of neo-roes in Massa- 
chusetts according to the State and Federal Censuses since 
171)0. In some instances it has been practically impossible to 
separate from either white or colored the number of Chinese, 
Jajianese, and Indians, but the number of either of these races 
is so small (about two one-hundredths of one per cent in 1900) 
in comparison with the total population, as to have no appreciable 
effect on any deductions which may be made as to either white 
or neo'ro. In order that the matter may be thoroughly under- 
stood, howeyer, it should be said that it has been found im- 
possible to separate the races, and whereyer the word colored 
I is used in the tables which follow in this Part, the figures 
'represent not only negroes and persons of negro descent, but 
/ also Chinese, Ja})anese, and Indians. 

Population : 1 790-1 900. 



Years 



Total 
Population 



1790, 
1800, 
1810, 
1820, 
1830, 
1840, 
1850, 
1855, 
1860, 
1865, 
1870, 
1875, 
1880, 
1885, 
1890, 
1895, 
1900, 



378,787 

422,845 

472,040 

523,287 

610,408 

737,t;99 

994,514 

l,132,3f;',( 

1,231,066 

1,267,031 

1,457,351 

1,651,912 

1,783,085 

1,942,141 

2,238,1)43 

2,500,183 

2,805,346 



Negro Population 


Males 


Females 


Both 






Sexes 


_ 


_ 


*5,463 


- 


- 


*6,452 


_ 


- 


*6,737 


3,308 


3,432 


6,740 


3,377 


3,629 


7,006 


4,655 


4,014 


8,C.f;'.) 


4,424 


4,640 


9,064 


4.556 


5,211 


9,767 


4,469 


5,133 


9,602 


4,673 


5,213 


9,886 


6,702 


7,245 


13,947 


7,495 


7,989 


15,484 


9,049 


9,648 


18,697 


8,1)05 


9,430 


18.385 


1(1,879 


11,265 


22,144 


12,813 


13,727 


26,540 


15,591 


16,383 


31,974 



Pprcent • 
ages 



1.44 
1.52 
1.43 
1.29 
1.15 
1.18 
0.91 
0.86 
0.78 
0.78 
0.96 
0.94 
1.05 
0.94 
0.99 
1.06 
1.14 



* Free colored. 

From these figures we note that the negro population of 
Massachusetts increased from 5,463 persons of both sexes in 
17i)0 to 31,974 persons in 1900, a gain of 2(5,511 persons, 
or 485.28 per cent. In 1820, the males numbered 3,308, or 
49.08 per cent of the total numljer of both sexes, and females 



' Mass. Hist. Coll. I., IV., 1<J9, 



No. 15.] THE NbXiRO I\ MASSACUIUSKTTS. 



283 



3,432, or, 50. 1)2 per cent of both sexes;. In I'.IOO, the nuiles 
numbered 1"),.")*J1, or 4S.7() ])er cent of both .sexes, and the 
females 1(),3<S3, or 51.24 per cent of both sexes. At tlicsc 
two periods the proi)ortions of the sexes were practical Ij the 
same. In only one year, 1S4(), did the males exceed the 
females, when, out of every one hundred persons, 54 were 
males and 4G were females. 

Comparing the negro with the white population, we })resent 
the following table of males and females for the year 11)00 : 

Population: 1900. 





Males 


Females 


Both Skxes 


Classification. 


Number 


Percent- 
ages 


Number 


Percent- 
ages 


Number 


Percent- 
ages 


The State. 

White, 

Nesro, 

Colored,* 


1,367,474 

1,:548,,57S 

15,591 

3,305 


100.00 

98.62 
1.14 
0.-24 


1,437,872 

1,421,186 

16,383 

303 


100.00 

98.84 
1.14 
0.02 


2,805,346 

2,769,7C4 
31,974 

3,608 


100.00 

98.73 
1.14 
0.13 



* Includes only Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 

In each of the sections of this table, it is seen that the propor- 
tion of negroes is the same, that is, considering the total popula- 
tion, the same percentage (1.14) is shown for males, females, 
and for both sexes. In other words, out of every one hundred 
males in the State, 91) are white and one a negro, and for fe- 
males the same proportions obtain as for the males. 

We distribute the negro population in 11)00 into the several 
counties of the State in the next table. 





Negro Population 


; By Sex. 1900 








The State and 

Counties. ^^'«' 


t emales 


Both 
Sexes 


Thk State and 
Counties. 


Males 


Females ^, 


The State. 

Barnstable, 
Berkshire, . 
Bristol, 
Dukes, 
Essex, 
Franklin, . 
Hampden, . 


1.5, .591 

303 

613 

1,358 

73 

902 
60 

587 


16,383 

312 

682 

l,39i 

77 

1,045 

58 

725 


31,974 

615 
l,->95 
2,749 

1.50 
1,947 

118 
1,312 


The State — Con. 

Hamiisliirc, 
Middlesex, . 
Nantui-ket, 
Norfolk, . 

PlVllKiUtll, 

Sutfolk, . 
Worcester, 


173 

3,380 

10 

346 

619 
6,2,'<9 

878 


217 

3,879 

36 

388 

513 
6,119 

941 


3SH) 

7,259 

46 

7:i4 

1,132 

12,408 

1,819 



The counties containing the largest number of negroes are 
Suffolk, with 12,408, and Middlesex, with 7,259. If we di.s- 



234 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 



tributo the negro population into the cities and towns which 
contain on an aggregate 2,500 or more persons of all races, 
we obtain the following table : 



Negro Popxdation for Cities and Towns: 


1900 


• 




Cities and Towxs. Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


Cities asd Towns. 


Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


Abinjjtou, . 


1 


4 


5 


Fairhaven, 


21 


20 


41 


Adams, 




'.) 


9 


18 


Fall River, . 


lis 


206 


324 


Agawain, . 







3 


8 


Ward 1, 


11 


14 


25 


Aim'slmry, 




8 


15 


23 


Ward 2, 


5 


10 


15 


Ainherst," . 




SO 


119 


199 


Ward 3, 


14 


17 


31 


Aiidover, . 




44 


54 


98 


Wani 4, 


6 


10 


16 


Arliiiirton, . 




31 


44 


75 


Ward 5, 


6 


7 


13 


Atliol, 




5 


4 


9 


^Vard 7, 


18 


42 


60 


Attleborougli, 




57 


54 


111 


Ward 8, 


36 


80 


116 


Barnstable, 




37 


51 


88 


AVard 9, 


22 


26 


48 


Belmont, . 




1 


3 


4 


Falmouth, . 


39 


40 


79 


Bkvkkly, . 




■23 


27 


50 


FiTCHBUKG, . 


33 


32 


65 


Billerica, . 




17 


20 


37 


Foxborougli, 


8 


4 


12 


Boston, . 




5,!»04 


5,687 


ll,5i»I 


Framingliani, . 


18 


20 


38 


Wani 1, 




16 


11 


27 


Franklin, . 


2 


4 


6 


Ward 2, 




26 


20 


46 


Gardner, . 


26 


27 


53 


Ward :i, 




26 


24 


50 


Gloucester, . 


21 


18 


39 


Ward 4, 




88 


100 


188 


Grafton, . 


9 


4 


13 


Ward r,. 




74 


12 


86 


Great Barriugton, . 


60 


78 


138 


Ward (J, 




46 


16 


62 


Greenfield, " . 


8 


9 


17 


Ward 7, 




272 


156 


428 


Hardwick, 


1 


- 


1 


Ward .^, 




282 


292 


574 


Haverhill, . 


181 


192 


373 


Ward It, 




658 


603 


1,261 


Hiiigham, . 


35 


50 


85 


Ward 10, 




!)32 


772 


1,704 


HOLVOKE, 


15 


25 


40 


Ward 11, 




1,045 


984 


2,029 


Hopkiuton, 


- 


2 


2 


Ward 1-2, 




539 


638 


1,177 


Hudson, 


5 


6 


11 


Ward 13, 




20 


11 


31 


Hyde Park, 


67 


49 


116 


Ward U, 




68 


23 


91 


Ipswicii, 


3 


14 


17 


Ward 15, 




8 


11 


19 


Lawrence, 


47 


40 


87 


Ward l(i. 




31 


32 


63 


Ward 1, 


7 


4 


11 


Ward 17, 




304 


335 


639 


Ward 2, 


4 


2 


6 


Wani is. 




1,111 


1,139 


2,250 


Ward 3, 


8 


10 


18 


Wani lil, 




te 


45 


78 


AVard 4, 


11 


5 


16 


AVani -20, 




40 


72 


112 


Ward 5, 


11 


14 


25 


Wani -21, 




20 


49 


69 


Ward 6, 


6 


5 


11 


AVani '22, 




123 


182 


305 


Lee, . . . . 


41 


42 


83 


Wani '2;i, 




20 


23 


43 


Leicester, . 


- 


1 


1 


Ward -24, 




17 


40 


57 


Lenox, 


37 


46 


&3 


Ward -2-), 




105 


97 


202 


Leominster, 


32 


43 


75 


Braintree, . 




14 


s 


22 


Lexington, 


3 


10 


13 


Bridirt'water, 




40 


12 


52 


Lowell, . . . 


67 


69 


136 


l$KO( KTON, 




154 


156 


310 


Ward 1, 


5 


1 


6 


Brook field. 




2 


2 


4 


Ward 3, 


6 


5 


11 


Brookliiie, . 




43 


118 


161 


Ward 4, 


5 


5 


10 


CAMKUIIMiK, 




1,845 


2,043 


3,888 


Wani 5, 


22 


21 


43 


Wani 1, 




283 


343 


626 


Ward 6, 


3 


9 


12 


Wani 2, 




811 


849 


i,6(;o 


Ward 7. ■ . 


13 


12 


25 


Wani 3, 




10 


3 


13 


Ward 8, 


11 


11 


22 


Wani 4, 




561 


648 


1,209 


Wai-<i 9, 


2 


5 


7 


Wani 5, 




ISO 


200 


380 


Ludlow, 


2 


- 


2 


Canton, 




12 


10 


22 


Lynn, 


383 


401 


784 


Clic'linslord, 




1 




1 


Wani 2, 


12 


19 


31 


CllKLSKA, . 




34i) 


382 


731 


Wani 3, 


264 


260 


524 


CHICOI'KE, 




4 


6 


10 


Ward 4, 


25 


37 


62 


Clinton, 




13 


11 


24 


Ward 5, 


16 


12 


28 


Coliasset, . 




15 


19 


34 


Ward 6, 


56 


57 


113 


Concord, . 




37 


4 


41 


Wani 7, 


10 


16 


26 


Dalton, 




26 


24 


50 


Malden, . 


193 


253 


446 


Dan vers, . 




4 


6 


10 


Manciiester, 


5 


6 


11 


Darlinoutli, 




53 


26 


79 


Manslield. . 


2 


3 


5 


Dcilliain, . 




36 


29 


65 


Marbk'licad, 


8 


15 


23 


Dracnt, 




3 


1 


4 


Maklbokougu, 


15 


16 


31 


DiKilcy, . 




6 


5 


11 


Medlield, . 


11 


7 


18 


East Bridpewat 


cr, . 


2 


6 


8 


Medford, 


118 


126 


244 


EastliamiJton, 




28 


14 


42 


IVIedwav, . 


1 


6 


7 


P^aston, 




14 


5 


19 


Melrose, . 


59 


71 


130 


EVKRKTT, . 




302 


332 


634 


Metliueu, . 


5 


12 


17 



No. 1').] THE NEGKO IX MASSAC"IIUS1<:TTS. L>3r) 

Negro Population for Cities and Toivns: 1900 — Coneliided. 



Cities and Towns. 


Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


Cities and Towns. 


Males 


Females 


Kotli 
Sexes 


Miildlehorough, 


•27 


33 


60 


Spencer, . 


<■> 


3 


5 


JNUlford, . 


11 


13 


'24 


SPKINGKIKLI), . 




44.^> 


576 


1,0J1 


Rlillliurv, . 


1 


1 


2 


Wanl 1, 




-} 


8 


10 


Miltou, " 


3;$ 


31 


64 


Ward 2, 




14 


10 


24 


Monson, 


■24 


IS 


42 


Ward 3, 




101 


69 


170 


Montague, . 


_ 


1 


1 


Ward 4, 




26 


44 


70 


Nantucket, 


10 


36 


46 


Ward 5, 




KMi 


164 


270 


Natick, 


'29 


•23 


52 


Wanl (;, 




82 


112 


194 


Needhani, . . ' . 


13 


6 


19 


Ward 7, 




39 


65 


104 


New Beufoud, 


7Slfi 


889 


1,685 


Ward 8, 




7.') 


104 


179 


Ward 1, 


li) 


10 


29 


Stonehani, . 




9 


12 


21 


Ward -2, 


3") 


46 


81 


Stoughton, 




5 


4 


9 


Ward 3, 


181 


'237 


418 


Sutton, 




1 


2 


3 


Ward 4, 


•2Hi 


305 


537 


Swanipscott, 




17 


27 


44 


Ward 5, 


312 


277 


589 


Taunton,. 




149 


77 


226 


Ward ti, 


17 


14 


31 


Tenipleton, 




8 


3 


11 


Newburyport, 


30 


67 


97 


Tewksbury, 




23 


20 


43 


Newton, . 


191 


314 


505 


Uxbridge,'. 




7 


7 


14 


North Adam!<, 


34 


56 


90 


Wakefield, 




6 


19 


7? 


Northampton, 


44 


64 


108 


Walpole, . 




7 


4 


11 


North Andover, 


1 


( 


8 


Wai.tiia.m, 




20 


31 


51 


North Attlelwrough, 


•27 


32 


59 


Warehani, . 




150 


37 


1S7 


North bridge, 


2 


2 


4 


Warren, 




11 


7 


18 


North Hrooklield, . 


7 


8 


15 


Watertown, 




18 


35 


5;i 


Norwood, . 


10 


9 


19 


Webster, . 




19 


13 


32 


Orange, 




1 


1 


Wellesley, . 




5 


12 


17 


Oxfoi-d, 


14 


12 


26 


Wustborbugh, 




16 


10 


'26 


Pahner, 


1-2 


17 


29 


Westlicld, . 




40 


41 


85 


Peabody, . 


16 


22 


38 


Westford, . 




- 


1 


1 


Pepperell, . 


8 


1 


15 


Westport, . 




'22 


2 


•24 


Pittskiel:>, . 


136 


141 


277 


West Springfiel 


1, • 


4 


12 


16 


Pljmouth, . 


67 


79 


146 


Weymouth, 




21 


19 


40 


Provincetown, . 


'28 


26 


54 


Whitman, . 




'20 


18 


38 


QUINCY, . 


8 


19 


27 


AVilliamstown, 




55 


83 


138 


Randolph, . 


1 


1 


2 


Winchendou, 




4 


4 


8 


Reading, . 


2 


4 


6 


Winchester, 




57 


83 


140 


Revere, 


20 


23 


43 


Winthrop. . 




16 


27 


43 


Rooliland, . 


2 


4 


6 


WOBirRN, . 




131 


130 


261 


Rockport, . 


3 


1 


4 


Worcester, 




507 


597 


1,104 


Salem, 


68 


88 


156 


Ward 1, 




170 


202 


372 


Saugus, 


13 


14 


27 


Ward 2, 




96 


114 


210 


SOMERVILLE, . 


68 


72 


140 


Ward 3, 




33 


30 


63 


Ward 1, 


9 


3 


12 


Ward 4, 




2 


— 


o 


Ward 2, 


10 


6 


16 


Ward 5, 




3 


3 


6 


Ward 3, 


4 


1 


5 


Ward 6, 




5 


4 


9 


Ward 4, 


4 


1 


5 


Ward 7, 




132 


172 


3(H 


Ward 5, 


6 


8 


14 


Ward 8, 




66 


72 


138 


AVard C, 


8 


23 


31 


Wrenlham, 




13 


10 


23 


Ward 7, 


27 


30 


57 
29 


Other towns, 




1,093 


1,014 


2,107 


Southl)ridge, 


10 


19 










South Iladley, . 




3 


3 


Totals, . 


15,.591 


16,383 


31,974 



In the cities and towns each of which in IDOO contained 
2,500 or more persons there were 29,8(57 negroes, and in 
towns containing less than 2,500 persons there were 2,107 
negroes. In the citv of Boston there were ll,5i)l negroes, 
the largest numbers being found in wards 18, 11, 10, 9, and 
12, respectively. Cambridge had a negro population of 3,888, 
and the concentrations of numbers occurred in wards 2 and 4. 
Fall River had 324, with nearly one-half in ward 8 and none 
in Avard H. Lynn had 784, wdth over two-thirds in ward 3. 
In New Bedford there were 1,685 negroes, and wards 3, 4, and 



236 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



5 contained the largest numbers, 418, 537, and ;")<S9, respec- 
tively. In the cit}' of Springfield Avere found 1,021 fah"ly 
well distributed through wards 3, 5, (!, 7, and 8. Worcester 
contained 1,104, with comparatively large numbers in wards 1, 
2, 7, and 8. The least number in any town was one male in 
Chelmsford, one male in Hard wick, one female in Leicester, 
one female in Monta<z:ue, one female in Orano-e, and one female 
in Westford. 

In the cities there were 25,061 negroes and in the towns 
(),313. That is to say, 80. 2() per cent of all the negroes in 
the State were found in the cities and 1!).74 per cent in the 
towns. 

In the next table we show the negro population of the 33 
cities from 1875 to U»00. 



Negro Population for Cities. 



Cities. 







Population 






1875 


1880 


1885 


1890 


1895 


1900 


20 


25 


25 


22 


38 


50 


4,969 


5,873 


6,058 


8,125 


9,472 


11,591 


19 


39 


31 


72 


208 


310 


I.IOS 


1,504 


i,(wy 


1,988 


2,849 


3,888 


sn 


519 


513 


668 


693 


731 


4 


1 


1 


3 


6 


10 


2-2 


39 


24 


72 


455 


634 


60 


144 


162 


179 


272 


324 


41 


37 


43 


31 


51 


65 


5 


20 


10 


12 


9 


39 


69 


167 


193 


260 


284 


373 


7" 


31 


5 


10 


40 


40 


126 


150 


84 


104 


98 


87 


123 


177 


122 


274 


136 


136 


430 


564 


624 


715 


767 


784 


30 


55 


61 


107 


326 


446 


8 


16 


9 


38 


33 


31 


IS 


21 


21 


55 


169 


244 


11 


21 


37 


48 


105 


130 


I.GIS 


1,541 


1,562 


1,699 


1,565 


1,685 - 


30 


66 


61 


66 


87 


97 


130 


212 


190 


342 


354 


505 


- 


41 


37 


46 


48 


90 


137 


116 


87 


92- 


94 


108 


316 


329 


251 


226 


291 


277 


7 


91 


14 


16 


6 


27 


220 


208 


189 


166 


181 


156 


36 


77 


87 


65 


72 


140 


699 


775 


747 


811 


901 


1,021 


95 


110 


125 


138 


131 


226 


13 


19 


15 


16 


36 


51 


19 


31 


75 


100 


218 


261 


599 


763 


836 


944 


1,104 


1,104 


11,295 


13,782 


13,988 


17,510 


21,099 


25,661 



Beverly, 

Boston, 
Brockton, 
Cambridge, . 
Chelsea, 
Chicopee, 
Everett, 
Fall River, . 
Fitehburg, . 
Gloucester, . 
Haverhill, . 
Holyoke, 
Lawrence, . 
Lowell,. 
Lvnn, . 
Maiden, 
Marlliorougli, 
Medford, 
Melrose, 
■New Uedford, 
Newl)uryj)orl, 
Newton, 
North Adams, 
Nortlianipton, 
Pittsfield, . 
Quincv, 
Salem, . 
Sonierville, . 
Springlleld, . 
Taunton, 
Waltham, . 
Woburn, 
Worcester, . 

TOTAI-S, 



The aggregate negro population in 1875 was 15,484 ; of this 
number, 11,295 were enumerated in the cities and 4,189 in the 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO TX MASSACHUSETTS. 



2M 



towns. In other words, 72.!)") \)vi cent of tlu- negro popuhi- 
tion in 1875 resided in the eities and 27.05 })er cent in the 
towns. In 1880, the percentage of the negro })()})ulation resid- 
ing in the cities was 73.71 ; in 1885, 7G.29 ; in 1890, 79.07 ; 
in 1895, 79.50; and in 1900, 80.20. 

The following table gives the ages of the .SI, 9 74 negroes by 
sex from under one month to 100 years of age and over: 

Ages of Negro Pojmlatio)) : 1900. 



Ages. 


Males 


Females 


Both 

Sexes 


A6b:s. 


Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


All Ages. 


15,591 


16,383 


31,974 


All Ages— Con. 








Under 1 year, . 


319 


345 


664 


46 years, . 


150 


141 


291 


Under 1 month, . 


2S 


26 


54 


47 years, . 




130 


130 


260 


1 to 2 months, 


59 


57 


116 


48 years, . 




184 


172 


3.56 


3 to h months, . 


82 


105 


187 


49 years, . 




173 


163 


336 


6 to 8 months, 


74 


76 


l.iO 


.50 years, . 




2,53 


246 


499 


9 to 11 months, . 


76 


81 


157 


51 years, . 




86 


74 


160 


1 year, 


257 


291 


548 


52 years, . 




1,55 


135 


290 


2 years, . 


299 


309 


608 


,53 years, . 




9,S 


!M 


192 


3 years, 


292 


292 


584 


54 years, . 




115 


125 


240 


4 years, . 


266 


284 


550 


55 years, . 




120 


122 


242 


5 years. 


241 


274 


515 


56 years, . 




79 


80 


1.59 


6 years, . 


238 


258 


496 


57 years, . 




81 


81 


162 


7 years, . 


235 


268 


503 


58 years, . 




69 


71 


140 


8 years, . 


212 


252 


464 


,59 years, . 




60 


59 


119 


9 years 


214 


255 


469 


60 years, . 




126 


131 


257 


10 years, . 


237 


234 


471 


61 years, . 




27 


38 


65 


11 years, . 


206 


240 


446 


62 years, . 




.50 


53 


103 


12 years, . 


192 


23G 


428 


63 years, . 




46 


48 


94 


13 years, . 


201 


245 


446 


64 yeai's, . 




43 


44 


87 


14 years, . 


181 


229 


410 


65 years, . 




68 


67 


135 


1.5 years, . 


218 


233 


451 


66 years, . 




26 


37 


63 


16 years, . 


225 


258 


483 


67 years, . 




33 


30 


63 


17 years, . 


228 


288 


516 


68 years, . 




32 


27 


59 


18 years, . 

19 years, . 


267 


311 


578 


69 years, . 




22 


31 


53 


280 


324 


604 


70 years, . 




40 


66 


106 


20 years, . 


327 


389 


716 


71 "years, . 




14 


19 


33 


21 years, . 


329 


373 


702 


72 years, . 




9 


22 


31 


22 years, . 


328 


435 


763 


73 years, . 




20 


23 


43 


23 years, . 


406 


516 


922 


74 years, . 




20 


12 


32 


24 years, . 


404 


478 


882 


75 years, . 




24 


31 


.55 


25 years, . 


476 


494 


970 


76 years, . 




12 


22 


34 


26 years, . 


407 


394 


801 


77 years, . 




8 


20 


28 


27 years, 


399 


449 


848 


78 years, . 




19 


20 


39 


28 years, . 

29 years. 


440 


407 


847 


79 years, . 




11 


10 


21 


333 


351 


684 


80 years, . 




7 


17 


24 


30 yeai-s, . 


469 


441 


910 


81 years, . 




4 


8 


12 


31 years, . 


260 


240 


500 


82 years, . 




4 


12 


16 


32 years, . 


363 


297 


660 


83 years, . 




t 


6 


13 


33 years, . 


274 


232 


506 


84 years, . 




5 


8 


13 


34 years, . 


301 


236 


537 


85 years, . 




6 


11 


17 


3.T years, . 


388 


338 


726 


86 years, . 




3 


5 


8 


36 years, . 


205 


199 


404 


87 years, . 




2 


3 


6 


37 years. 


214 


220 


434 


88 years, . 




3 


4 


t 


38 years, . 


293 


300 


593 


89 years, . 




3 


4 


7 


39 years, . 


279 


289 


568 


90 years, . 




3 


1 


4 


40 years, . 


388 


352 


740 


93 years, . 




- 


4 


4 


41 years, 


156 


142 


298 


94 years, . 




1 


2 


3 


42 years. 


219 


209 


428 


95 years, . 




- 


2 


2 


43 years. 


168 


164 


332 


97 years, . 




- 


1 


1 


44 years, 


150 


161 


311 


100 years and over, . 


- 


3 


3 


45 years, . 


224 


228 


4.52 


Age unknown, . 


132 


88 


220 



The age period 25 to 29 years contains the largest number 
of persons, while the largest number of persons of any single 



238 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



The percentages for each age 



age is reported at 25 3'cars. 
period are as follows : 

I'mlcr 1 year, 
1 to -i years, 
5 to 9 years, 

10 to H years, 

15 to 19 years, 

20 to 24 years, 

25 to 29 ^-ears, 

30 to 34 years, 

35 to 39 years, 

40 to 44 years, 

45 to 49 3'ears, 

50 to 54 years, 

Of the 31,974 negroes in the State, 28,499 were native l)orn 
and 3,475 foreiiin born. Distributino- the native-born negroes 

k 

by place of birth we present the following table : 

Place of Birth of Native-horn Negroes: 1900. 



. 2 


08 


7 


16 


. 7 


65 


. 6.88 


. 8 


23 


. 12 


46 


. 12 


98 


. 9 


74 


. 8 


52 


. G.GO 


. 5 


30 


. 4 


32 



55 to 59 years, . 

60 to 64 3-ears, . 

65 to 69 vea.rs. . 

70 to 74 3'ears, . 

75 to 79 3^ears, . 

80 to 84 years, . 

85 to 89 years, . 

90 to 94 j-ears, . 

95 to 99 3'ears, . 
100 3'ears ami over. 

Age imknown, '. 



2.57 
1.90 
1.17 
0.77 
0.55 
0.24 
0.14 
0.03 
0.01 
0.01 
0.69 



Place of Bikth. 



Number 



The State. 



Alabama, 

Alaska, . 

Arkansas, 

California, 

Colorado, 

Connecticut, . 

Delaware, 

Disti'ict of Columljia, 

Florida, . 

Georgia, . 

Hawaii, . 

Idaho, 

Illinois, . 

Indiana, . 

Indian Territory, . 

Iowa, 

Kansas, . 

Kentucky, 

Louisiana, 

Maine, 

Maryland, 

MaBsachusetts, 

Michigan, 

Minnesot^i, 

Mississipi)!, . 

Missouri, 



28,499 

114 

1 

•24 

14 

11 

495 

182 

.570 

ItiO 

7r)4 

1 

1 

49 

19 

1 

VI 

11 

1:57 

96 

•2(iO 

987 

,747 

48 

8 

51 

42 



11 



Place of Bieth. 



Kumber 



The State — Con. 

Montana, .... 
Nebraska, .... 
New Hampshire, . 

New .lersey 

New Mexico 

New York, .... 
North Carolina, . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, 
Rhode" Island, 
South Carolina, 
South Dakota, 

Tennessee 

Texas, 

Utah, 

Vermont, .... 
Virginia, .... 

Washington, .... 
West Virginia, 
Wisconsin, .... 
Born in U. S. (state, n. s.), . 
Born at sea under U. S. flag. 
Born in I'orto Rico, 
American citizens born abroad, 



1 
■2 

117 

2.t5 

2 

882 

2,897 

11.5 

1 

1 
569 
257 
742 

2 

103 

25 

o 

159 

6,213 

31 

67 

6 

164- 

7 

3- 
125 



It is seen that 11,747, or 41.22 per cent of the native-born 
negroes, were born in Massachusetts; (5,213, or 21.80 percent, 
in Virginia; 2,897, or 10.17 per cent, in Xorth Carolina; and 
987, or 3.4fi per cent, in Maryland. Those born in the New 
England States numbered 13,035, or 45.74 per cent; those in 
the Southern States, 12,327, or 43.25 per cent; while those 
born in the other States numbered 3,137, or 11.01 per cent. 



No. 15.] THE NECJIIO IX :\IASSAC'IirSK'r'l s. 



i>:M) 



The next table shows the negro population in cities of the 
Commonwealth having an aggregrate jiopulation of 2."), 000 or 
more, by native and foreign parentage. 

Nexjro Pojndation of Cities of 25,000 or more : 1000. 





Negro Population 


Cities. 


Negro Population 


CiTiEa. 


Of Na- 


Of For- 




Of Na- 


Of For- 






tive Par- 


eign i-ar- 


Totals 




tive Par- 


eign Par- 


Totals 




entage 


entage 






entage 


entage 




Boston, . 


9,646 


1,945 


11,591 


Lynn, 


359 


425 


784 


Brockton, 


■281 


29 


310 


Maklen, . 


325 


121 


446 


Cunibridj^e, . 


3,058 


KW 


3,888 


New Ik'ill'ord, 


1,084 


001 


1,685 


Chelsea, . 


443 


288 


731 


Newton, . 


4(it; 


39 


505 


Fall River, . 


M5 


9 


324 


Salem, 


113 


43 


156 


Fitcbburu-, 


51 


14 


65 


Sonierville, 


114 


20 


140 


Gloueester, . 


31 


8 


39 


Sin'inj^tielcl, . 


957 


(U 


1,021 


Haverhill, 


349 


24 


373 


Taunton, 


81 


145 


226 


Ilolyoke, 
Lawrence, 


38 

80 


2 


40 


Worcester, 


1,045 


59 


1,104 














Lowell, . 


126 


10 


136 


Totals, . 


18,962 


4,689 


23,651 



By persons of foreign parentage is meant all persons, whether 
of native or foreign birth, who have one or both parents foreign 
born. Of course, persons of native parentage are those hav- 
ing both parents native born. On this basis, there were 
18,9(52 persons of native parentage in the 20 cities considered 
and 4,089 persons of foreign parentage, the latter forming 
19.8o per cent of the total number of negroes in the cities 
under consideration. 

The following table shows the conjugal condition of the 
negi'O population : 



Conjiiga 


I Condition of Negroes 


• 1000. 








Conjugal Condition 


AOGRE- 


Age Fkriods. 














Single 


Married 


Widowed 


Divorced 


Unknown 




Males. 


8,906 


5,936 


60(5 


36 


107 


15,591 


Under 15 vears, 


3,589 


- 


- 


- 


1 


3,590 


15 to 19 years, .... 


1,212 


2 


1 


- 


3 


1,218 


20 to 24 vears, .... 


1.433 


342 


5 


- 


14 


1,794 


25 to 29 years, .... 


1,071 


941 


21 


8 


14 


2,055 


30 to 34 years, .... 


602 


1,004 


49 


I 


a 


1,667 


35 to 44 years 


602 


1,694 


137 


8 


19 


2,460 


45 to 54 vears, .... 


231 


1,153 


164 


11 


9 


],.T(>8 


55 to 64 vears, .... 


i i 


508 


111 


1 


4 


701 


65 years" and over, . 


31 


258 


114 


1 




406 


Age unknown, .... 


58 


34 


4 


~ 


36 


132 


Females. 


8,354 


5,851 


2,035 


60 


83 


16,383 


Under 15 years. 


4,011 


- 


- 


- 


1 


4,012 


15 to 19 years 


1,286 


119 


5 


- 


4 


1,414 


20 to 24 vears, .... 


1,303 


825 


42 


9 


12 


2,191 


25 to 29 years 


725 


1,229 


118 


11 


12 


2,095 


30 to 34 vears, .... 


345 


9:}4 


151 


!) 


1 


1,446 


35 to 44 years, .... 
45 to 54 years, .... 


379 


1,515 


446 


21 


13 


2,3i4 


177 


793 


519 


t 


12 


1,508 



240 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Conjugal Condition of Negroes : 1900 — Concliuled. 





CoNJUGAi- Condition 


Aggre- 
gates 


Age rERioD3. 


Single 


Married 


Widowed 


Divorced 


Unknown 


Females — (On. 














6") to G4 years, .... 


56 


'296 


308 


3 


4 


727 


65 years ami oyer, . 


49 


114 


36'2 


- 


3 


528 


Age uiikiioxyn, .... 


•23 


■Hi 


•24 


- 


15 


88 


Both Sexes. 


17,-260 


11,787 


•2,641 


96 


190 


31,974 


Under 15 years, 


7,600 


„ 


_ 


_ 


2 


7,602 


15 to 19 years 


■2,498 


121 


6 


- 


J 


2,632 


•2(1 to -24 years, .... 


'2,736 


1,167 


47 


9 


%\ 


3,985 


'25 to '29 years, .... 


1,796 


'2,170 


139 


19 


26 


4,150 


30 to 34 years, .... 


947 


1,938 


'200 


16 


1-2 


3,113 


35 to 44 years, .... 


981 


3,'209 


583 


'29 


3'2 


4,834 


45 to .54 years 


408 


1,946 


(!83 


18 


21 


3,076 


55 to 64 years 


133 


804 


479 


4 


8 


1,4-28 


65 years and oyer, . 


80 


37-2 


476 


1 


5 


'.'34 


Age unknown 


81 


60 


28 


- 


51 


220 



Between the ages of 20 and 24 years we find 2,736 single per- 
sons, 1,433 males and 1 ,303 females ; between the ages of 25 and 
29 years, 1,071 males and 725 females ; in the age period 30- to 
34 years, (502 males as against 345 females. There are 552 
more male persons single than females, and 85 more married 
males than females. There are 1,429 more widows than 
widowers, and the divorced number 24 more women than 
men. In the age })eriod 15 to 19 only two married males 
appear, as against 119 females. The married males (i5 years 
of age and over number 258, as against 114 females, while 
the widowed males of the same age period number 114, as 
aiiaiiist 3()2 femaU'S. 

It may be interesting to eom])are the conjugal condition of 
white jiersoiis of native and foreign l)irth Avith that of the ne- 
groes. The figures are presented in the following table : 



Nativity. All Classes: 1900. 



Classification. 



Males. 

Natiye wliite — native parents, 
Native wliite — foreign parents, 
Foreign white, .... 

"Colored,* 

Negro, 



Females. 

Native white — native parents, 
Native white — foreign parents. 

Foreign white 

^Coloreil,* 

Negro 



Sint;le 



Married 



781, '206 

266,7(i2 

3.53,936 

149,l(i5 

•2,137 

8,906 



777,850 

267,087 

350,519 

151,732 

1.58 

8,354 



529,015 

210,782 

80,031) 

•231,171 

1,090 

5,936 

5^24,9'22 

196,.596 

94,107 

228,^259 

109 

5,851 



Widuwud 


Di- 
vorced 


Un- 
known 


48,;!69 


2,451 


6,433 


21,889 

4,804 

21,049 

21 


i,(;95 

■290 

426 

4 


3,712 

671 

1,890 

53 


606 


36 


107 


1'2S,176 


3,930 


2,994 


.5! 1,734 


2,498 


1,50!) 


11,888 


602 


533 


54,485 


768 


869 


:!4 


2 


- 


2,035 


GO 


83 



Totals 



1,367,474 

.504,840 

439,737 

404,001 

3,305 

15,591 

1,437,872 

.527, 1^24 

■157,6-19 

43(i,113 

303 

16,383 



♦ Includes only Chinese, .liqianese, and Indians. 



No. 1;-).] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIirSETTS. 



241 



The persons eiiuiuertited uikUm- " SiiiiiU^'" ure miiiiv ol' llieiii 
below the niiiiTUig'eahU' age, unci will not he reierred to here. 
Of the married males, !')-2\),i)]!') in munlx'r, 21(),7S-2, or.'i'.I.St 
per cent, are native white with nati\c parents ; 80, ();>(!, or 
15.13 per cent, are native white with eithei- one or both pai- 
ents foreign born ; 281,171, or 43.70 per cent, are foreign-born 
white; 1,0!I0, tu- 0.21 per cent, are either Chinese, Japanese, 
or Indians; and 5,93G, ov 1.12 per cent, are negroes. Of the 
married females, 524,!)22 in number, li)(),r)iK), or 37.4;") per 
cent, are native white with both parents native born ; 94,107, 
or 17.93 per cent, are native white with either one or both 
parents foreign born; 228,259, or 43.48 per cent, are foreign- 
born white; 109, or 0.02 per cent, are either Chinese, Japan- 
ese, or Indians; and 5,851, or 1.12 })er cent, are negroes. 

In order to exhibit, l)v percentages, the relati\e proportions 
of the single, married, widowed, and divorced negroes in com- 
parison with the native and foreign-born white, the following 
table is presented : 



Nafivitj/. 


All Classes. 


Percentages. 1900. 










Males 


Fkmales 


Classification. 


Single ^ar- 


Wid- 
owed 


di- 
vorced 


Single Mar- 


Wid- 
owed 


Di- 
vorced 


Native white — native parents, 
Native wliite — foreiKii i)aieiils 
Foreign wiiite, 

Colored,* 

Negro, 




52.84 
80.49 
37.00 
64.66 
57.12 


41.75 

18.20 
57.22 
32.98 
38.07 


4.34 
1.09 
5.21 

0.64 
3.89 


0.34 
0.07 
0.10 
0.12 
0.23 


50.64 
76.59 
34.79 
.52.15 
50.99 


37.27 
20.56 
.52.34 
35.97 
35.71 


11.33 
2.60 
12.49 
11.22 
12.42 


0.47 
0.13 
0.18 

o.e« 

0.37 


Totals 


57.13 


38.69 


3.54 


0.18 


.54.10 


36.51 


8.91 


0.27 



* Includes only Chinese, .lapanese, and Indians. 

Of the 15,591 male negroes, 8,90(;, en- 57.12 per cent, are 
single; 5,930, or 38.07 per cent, are married; (!0(), or 3.89 
per cent, are widowed ; and 36, or 0.23 per cent, are divorced. 
Of the 16,383 female negroes, 8,354, or 50.99 per cent, are 
single ; 5,851, or 35.71 per cent, are married ; 2,035, or 12.42 
per cent, are widowed ; and 60, or 0.37 per cent, are divorced. 

Occupafion.^. 
More than one-half of the males and nearly nine-tenths of 
the females among the negro })opulation in Mas.sachusetts are 
found in the occupations classed as Domestic and Personal 



242 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pull. Doc. 



Service. Unfortunately, there are no data which will show 
the particular branches followed by the negro immediately 
after the close of the Civil War, and for this reason comparisons 
with the present day cannot be made. The following table, 
however, gives a comparison, by consolidated classes of occu- 
pations, for the years 1890 and U)0() : 

Occupations of Negroes : 1890 and 1900. 





I890 


1900 


Classified Occupations. 


Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


Males 


Females 


Botli 
Sexes 


The State. 

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining, . 

Professional service, 

Domestic and personal service. 

Trade and transportation, .... 

Manufactures and mechanical industries. 


7,593 

(iOl 

162 

4,-296 

1,402 

1,132 


3,435 

4 

57 

2,914 

34 

4-26 


11,0-28 

605 

219 

7,210 

1,436 

1,5.58 


10,864 

705 

'278 

6,039 

2,325 

1,517 


5,747 

6 

98 

5,012 

99 

.532 


16,611 

711 

376 

11,0.51 

2,4-24 

2,049 



The gain in 1900 over 1890 in the number of negroes 10 
years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations was 
5, .^88, or ,30. (53 per cent. The number of males increased 
3,271, or 43.08 per cent, and the females 2,312, or ()7.31 per 
cent. The number of persons of both sexes in each class of 
occupations increased, the percentages ranging from 17.52 in 
Ao-riculture, Fisheries, and Mining, to 71.G9 in Professional 
Service. In Domestic and Personal Service the males show 
an increase in 1900 as against 1890 of 40. ")7 per cent, and the 
females a gain of 72 per cent. In 1890, about 57 out of every 
one hundred males and S^y out of every one hundred females 
were found in this class. In 1900, males fell to about 56 in 
each one hundred, while females rose to about 87. 

In our special invcstigatit)n of the negroes in Massachusetts, 
the occupations of S,335 persons were ascertained. Classifying 
these persons, we find that <*),(')23, or 79. 4() per cent, were 
en<»-ai'ed in <rainful occuiiations distributed throughout the fol- 
lowino; classes : 



Government, 


88 


The Fisheries, 


. 


3 


Vrofes.sioniil, 


. 167 


Maunfactiires, 




. 6G8 


l)oni(!.stic .service, 


. 2,410 


Laborers, . 


. 


. 669 


l'(u-soniil service. 


. 1,52,1 


A])pr(>iitiees, 


. 


10 


'l'i';ul(!, 


,570 


Cliildren at work. 


18 


Transportation, . 


. 577 










Af^riculturc, 


14 


Total, . 


c 


. G,r,2;] 



No. 15.] THE NE(niO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



Wd 



In the next table the occupations followed by the 8,38') ne- 
groes are classified, and are presented by the number of males, 
females, and both sexes, with the relative pro})orti()ns of the 
sexes. 

Occiipafions of Ne(/roes :■ Btj Sex. 



Occupations. 



Gori'v II incut. 

National jroverumeiit, . 

State government, 

City and town government, 

Army 

Kavy 



Prvfessional . 



Religion, 
Law, 
Medicine, 
Literature, 
Art, . 



Music, 
Amusements 
Education, 
Science, . 



Domestic Service. 

Boarding and lodging, 

Domestic service {private I'.iinilies), 

Personal Service. 
Personal service 

Traile. 

Mercliants and dealers, 
Salesmen and saleswomen, 
Accountants, bookkeepers, clerks, etc.. 
Agents, bankers, brokers, etc., . 
Messengers, porters, etc., . 

Transportation. 

Carriers on roads, .... 
CaiTiers on steam railroads, 
Carriers on seas and rivers. 



Agriculture. 



Agriculture, 



Tlie Fisheries. 



The Fisheries, 



Manufactures. 



Arms and ammunition. 

Artisans' tools, 

Awnings, sails, tenis, etc., . 

Boots an<l shoes, . . . . . 

Brick, tiles, and sewer pipe. 

Building, 

Carriages and wagons. 

Chemical preparations (compounded). 

Clocks, watches, and jewelry, . 

Clothing, 

Concrete walks, paving, etc., 
Cooking, lighting, and heating apparatus. 
Cordage and twine, .... 
Drugs and medicines, .... 
Electrical apparatus and appliances, 
Food preparations, .... 
Furniture, 



Males 



82 

2iS 
8 

3i) 
1 
6 

122 

22 

10 

2(5 

4 

•) 

28 
21 

(I 

1,421 

1,157 
264 

660 
660 

5.59 

58 
27 

109 
14 

351 

568 

258 

259 

51 

14 
14 

3 
3 

4,59 

1 
4 
3 

.54 

1 

154 

18 
1 
1 
3 
2 
1 
1 
5 
5 

11 

26 



Females 



Hoth 
Sexes 



45 



6 
2 

14 

9 

14 



989 

252 
737 

863 
863 

17 

2 
3 

5 
3 

4 



209 



2 
191 



88 

28 
8 

45 
1 
6 



22 

10 

32 

(> 

2 

42 

30 

17 

6 

2,410 

1,409 
1,001 

1,.523 
1,523 

576 

60 
30 

114 
17 

3.55 

577 

258 
261 

58 

14 

14 

3 
3 

668 

1 

4 

4 

62 

1 

1,54 

18 

1 

3 

194 
•2 

1 
1 

5 

5 

13 

27 



Proportions of 
THE Sexes 



Males 



93.18 

100.00 
100.(10 
86. (i7 
100.00 
100.00 

73.05 

100.00 

100.0(1 
81.25 
(>6.67 

100.00 
66.67 
70.00 
17.65 

100.00 

,58.96 

82.11 
26.37 

43.34 
43.34 

97.05 

i)6.67 
iW.OO 
95.61 
82.35 

98.87 

98.4-J 

100.00 
99.23 
87.93 

100.00 
100.00 

100.00 
100.00 

68.71 

100.00 

100.00 

75.00 

87.10 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

33.33 

1.55 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

100.00 

84.62 

96.30 



Females 



6.82 



13.33 



26.95 



18.75 
33.33 

.S;i.33 
30. (Kl 
82.35 



41.04 

17.89 
73.63 

.56. (W 
.56.66 

2.95 

3.33 
10.00 

4.39 
17.65 

1.13 

1..56 

0.77 
12.07 



31.29 



25.00 
12.90 



66.67 
98.45 



15.38 
3.70 



L'44 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Occupations of Negroes : B>/ iSex — Concluded. 



Oc'CirpATIONS. 



Afaiui/acturex — Com. 

Glass, 

Hair work (animal und human), 

Hose: nibbur, lineu, etc 

Leather, 

Liquors: malt, distilled, and fermented, 

Lmnher, 

]\Iaehines and machinery, . 

Metals and metallic j,''o<ids, . 

INFodels, lasts, and patterns, 

Musical instruments and materials, 

I'aints, colors, and crude chemicals, 

J'aper and paper goods, .... 

Photojiraplis and photographic materials, 

Polislies and dressing, ... 

Printing, publishing, and bookbindiug. 

Print works, dye works, and bleacheries 

Rubber .'ind elastic goods, . 

Saddlery an<i harness, 

Scienlilic instruments and appliances, 

.Sporting anil athletic goods. 

Tobacco, snutF, and cigars, 

Wooden goods 

AVoollen goods, 

L(tborer.-i. 

Laborers (agriculture). 
Laborers (manufactures), . 
Laborers, other 

^pjirciitlre.'i. 
Aiiprentices, 

Child ri'ii at Worl-. 
At work only, 

Sclio/ars 1(11(1 S/ ii(/i'iit.s. 



Males 



Females 



Scholars, 
Students, 



S'ot (Idiiifiil, I'tc. 



Tletired, . 
Dependents, . 
Not g.'iinful, . 
Unemployed, . 



31 
1 
3 
1 
.5 
6 
4 



31 

4'J() 

S 
8 

11 

11 

(i.S6 

•24 

101 

17 

34 

<■> 

4S 



71«) 
TSil 

I 

12'.t 

38 

74 

•2 



Both 
Sexes 



1 

1 

36 
•2 

;{ 

.31 
1 
3 
1 
6 
7 
4 

•27 
.■j 
1 
2 
3 
1 



569 

31 

48 
4ii0 

10 
10 

18 
18 

1,48-2 

l,4.il 
31 

•230 

lt)8 

4 

63 



Proportionr ok 

THE SKXES 



100.00 
.^0.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
lOO.OO 
88.33 
85.71 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 

100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 

100.00 

100.00 
100.00 

100.00 

80.00 
80.00 

61.11 
61.11 

46. iO 

45.(1-2 
77. 4^2 

43.01 

30.1)1 
31.48 
.50.00 
76.10 



Males Females 



.50.00 



16.67 
14. -29 



100.00 



■20.00 
'20.00 

38.89 
38.89 

,53.71 

,54.38 
•2^2..58 

.56.09 

69.09 
68.. 5-2 
.50.(10 
'23.81 





1! 


F.CAPITl 


LAT1<» 


















Proportions op 








Botli 


THE Sexks 


Classes of Oi i itations. 


Males 


Females 


Sexes 


Males 


Females 


Government, 


8-2 


(i 


88 


93.18 


6.82 


Professional 










1-2-2 


45 


167 


73.05 


26.95 


Domestic service, . 










J, 42 1 


989 


2,410 


.58. 9(; 


41.04 


Personal service, . . 










6()0 


8()3 


L.5-23 


43., 34 


.56.(;(; 


Trade, . . . . 










,5.59 


17 


576 


'.)7.05 


2.95 


Transportation, 










568 


;) 


577 


98.44 


1..56 


AgriciUtiire 










14 


- 


14 


100.00 


- 


Tlut Fisheries, : 










3 


- 


3 


100.00 


- 


Manufactures, 










450 


'200 


668 


68.71 


31. '29 


Laborers, .... 










.569 


- 


569 


100.00 


- 


Ap))reiitices, .... 










8 


'2 


10 


80.00 


•20.00 


Children at work, . 










11 


i 


18 


61.11 


38., '^9 


Scholars and students. 








1 6.86 


796 


1,482 


4 6. -2!) 


.53.71 


Not gainful, etc., . 










1)1 


l-2',» 


'230 


43.91 


5(i.09 


Totals 










5,-263 


3,072 


8,335 


63.11 


36.86 



No. i.").] Tin-: xk{;r() in Massachusetts. 



215 



The proi)cr luothod ot" reading this tabk' is as foUows : There 
were 4o [)ersons employed by city or town governiiients. Of 
this number, o!.), or Sllj!? per eent, wi're males, and six, or 
13.33 per eent, Avere females. Other lines may be read in a 
similar manner. 

The next table shows occupations in detail for the .S,33') 



negroes. 



Occupations of Negroes. 

Government. 





Branches of Occu- 
pations. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Branches of Occu- 
pations. 


Males 


Fe- ' 
males j 


Both 
Sexes 


Army (men), 


1 


_ 


1 


Lightliouse service, . 


3 > 


_ 


3 


City " iiud town service 








Navy (men), 


2 


- 


2 


(clerks), .... 


1 


- 


1 


Navy yard service, . 


6 


- 


6 


City ami town service 








Patrolmen, .... 


3 


- 


3 


(employes), . 


.3 


- 


3 


Police department ser- 








County service (clerks), . 


3 


_ 


3 


vice, 


- 


1 


1 


Custom house service. 


'2 


_ 


2 


Postal clerks, . 


13 


- 


13 


Fire department service. 


•2 


_ 


2 


Postal service, . 


3 


- 


3 


Hospital service, 


1 


3 


4 


State department service. 


2 


- 


2 


Janitors (public build- 




' 




State government (em- 








ings), .... 


16 


2 


18 


ployes), .... 


3 


- 


3 


Janitors (school). 


y 


- 


9 
















lyamplighters, . 


4 


_ 


4 


Totals, 


82 


6 


88 


Letter can-iers, . 


5 


- 


5 














I 


Professional. 








Actors, .... 


ir. 


6 


21 


Musicians, .... 


1.5 


1 


16 


Artists, .... 


•2 


_ 


2 


Physicians, . * . 


16 


5 


21 


Baseball players, 


1 


- 


1 


Reporters, .... 


1 


- 


1 


Chemists, .... 


1 


- 


1 


Sextons, .... 


2 


- 


2 


Clairvoyants, . 


1 


- 


1 


Showmen, .... 


1 


- 


1 


Clergymen, 


18 


- 


18 


Singers, .... 


6 


4 


10 


Court officers, . 


1 


_ 


1 


Teachers (cooking), . 


- 


1 


1 


Dentists, .... 


) i 


- 


i 


Teachers (dancing), . 


1 


- 


1 


Drauglitsmeu, . 


•> 


_ 


2 


Teachers (instrumental). 


3 


3 


6 


Editors 


1 


1 


2 


Teachers (physical cul- 








Elocutionists, . 


1 


3 


4 


ture), . . . . 


1 


- 


1 


Engineers (civil), 


•2 


- 


2 


Teachers (private school). 


- 


3 


3 


Governesses, 


- 


1 


1 


Teachers (public s(;hool), 


- 


9 


9 


Horse trainers, . 


2 


_ 


2 


Teachers (vocal), 


1 


2 


3 


Inventors, .... 


1 


_ 


1 


Teachers, n. s., . 


4 


4 


8 


Janitors (churches). 


2 


- 


2 


Theatrical agents, . 


1 


- 


1 


Journalists, 

Lawyers, .... 


1 


1 


2 

9 


Veterinary surgeons. 


•> 


- 


2 


\f 












Lecturers, .... 


1 


- 


1 


Totals, 


122 


45 


167 


Midwives, .... 


- 


1 


1 










Domestic Service. 


Bell boys 


8S 


_ 


88 


Lodging-house kee|)ers, . 




65 


66 


Boarding-house keepers, . 


1 


4 


5 


Nurse girls. 


- 


9 


9 


Butlers, .... 


68 


— 


68 


Pantry girls. 




2 


3 


Chambennaids, . 


_ 


49 


49 


Parlor maids, . 




9 


9 


Clerks (hotel), . . . 


2 


- 


2 


Porters 


51 


- 


51 


Coachmen, 


101 


- 


101 


Restaurant keepers, . 




2 


8 


Cooks, 


136 


170 


306 


Saloon keepers, . 




-' 


1 


Errand boys, 


t 


- 


7 


.Second girls. 




4 


4 


Footmen, " . 


1 


- 


1 


Servants 


27 


5(>0 


587 


Grooms 


10 


_ 


10 


Stable employes. 




- 


9 


Housekeepers, . 


- 


2,5 


25 


Stewards, . . . . 




- 


7 


Housemaids, 


_ 


9 


9 


Waiters 


844 


29 


S73 


Hotel keeiiers, . 
Kitchen girls, . 
Ladies' maids, . 


.> 


1 11 


•2 

9 
3 


Employes, ». •«., 


58 


18 


76 


^ 


3 


Totals, 


! 1,421 


989 


2,410 


Laundry work, . 


- 


22 


22 




' 







246 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Occupations of Negroes— Continued. 
Personal Service. 



Branches of Occu- 
pations. 


Malcs 


Fe- 
males 


Botli 
Sexes 


Branches of Occu- 
pations. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Botli 
Sexes 


Rarbcrp, . . . . 


154 




154 


Janitors 


233 


21 


254 


Har U'liders, 




18 




13 


Laundrv work, . 


4 


271 


275 


Bill posters, 




1 




1 


Matrons, . " . 


- 


2 


2 


HiHiatil room scrvict 


', 


.1 




5 


Nurses, .... 


1 


27 


28 


Uootblacks, 




i 3() 


_ 


36 


Personal service. 


ti 


32 


38 


Carpet sewers, . 




_ 


S 


8 


Proprietors (laundrv), . 


2 


3 


5 


Caterers, - . 




31 


- 


31 


Proprietors (liilliard 








Cleansers, . 




24 


- 


24 


room) 


3 


- 


3 


Clerks, 




6 


2 


8 


Servants, 




- 


5 


5 


Club bouse servl(^e, 




25 


1 


26 


Steuosrraphers, 




5 


1 


fi 


Copyists, . 




2 


- 


2 


Stewards, . 




2 


- 


2 


Drivers, 




3 


- 


3 


Typewriters, 




1 


- 


1 


Einplov6s, . 




6 


11 


17 


Va ets. 




2 


- 


2 


Eniplovment oftice 


ser- 








Undertakers, 




3 


_ 


3 


vice, . 




2 


- 


2 


Waiters, 




30 


3 


33 


Engineers, . 




24 


- 


24 


Washerwomen, 




- 


183 


183 


Firemen, . 




,') 


- 


5 


Watcbmen, 




12 


- 


12 


Hair dressers, . 
House cleaners. 




17 

2 


13 

280 


30 

282 












Totals, 


660 


863 


1,523 



Trade. 



Agents, 

Bank em])loyes, 

Bookkeepers, 

Brokers, 

Bundle boys, 

Butchers, " . 

Canvassers, 

Carpet layers, . 

Cash boys, . 

Clerks (bankers, brokers 

etc.), ... 

Clerks (retail stores), 
Clerks (shipping), . 
Clerks, n. s., 
Coal lieavers. 
Collectors, . 
Costumers, . 
Dealers (retail). 
Elevator tenders. 



„ 






4 


1 


5 


5 


3 


8 


1 


- 


1 


1 


_ 


1 


2 


- 


2 


. 


2 


2 


12 


- 


• 12 


1 


- 


1 


! 11 


1 


12 


69 


_ 


69 


15 


- 


15 


t 


3 


10 


15 


- 


15 


1 


- 


1 


1 


- 


1 


44 


1 


45 


70 


- 


70 



Errand boys. 
Foremen, ' . 
Messengers, 
Newsboys, . 
Office boys, 
Packers, 
Peddlers, . 
Porters, 

Salesmen (retail), 
Salesmen (traveling). 
Salesmen (wholesale), 
Speculators, 
Telephone operatives, 
Traders and shippers, 
Treasurers, 
Weighers and gaugers, 

Totals, 



24 
1 
1 
4 

11 
4 

13 
201 

22 
3 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 



559 



1 
2 
4 

11 
4 

13 
201 

24 
3 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 



Transportation . 



Baggage masters, 
Brakenien, . 
Captains, , 
Clerks, 
Conductors, 
Cooks and steward^ 
Drivers, 
Engineers, . 
Exjiress servici-, 
Ferry lioat service, 
Firemen, 
Freight laborers, 









2 






_ 


4 






_ 


1 






_ 


1 




1 "^ 


_ 


2 




1 1 


2 


3 




26 


- 


26 






- 


1 






_ 


7 






- 


1 






_ 


4 






- 


4 

1 



Livery stable service, 
Mariners, n. s., . 
Messengers, 

Railroad service (steam) 
Steamboat service, . 
Street railway service. 
Teamsters, . " . 
Wliarf service, . 
Yachtsmen, 

TOTALS, 



95 
14 

234 

29 

1 

131 
2 
1 



568 



95 

14 

7 

236 

34 

1 

131 

2 

i 



Oil 



Agriculture. 


Farmers and gardeners, . 


14 




14 


Totals, 


14 


14 


The Fisheries. 


The Fisheries, . 


3 


- 


3 


Totals, 


3 


- 


3 



No. la.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 247 



Occupations of Negroes — Continued. 

3f((niif(ict)ires. 



Branches of Occu- 
pations. 



Males 



Awning makers, 

Bakers, 

Bu'vcle makers, 

Bla'ckers (leather), . 

Blacksmiths, 

Boiler makers, . 

Boot and shoe operatives 

Bottlers (li(iiior), 

Bushellers, . 

Cabinet makers. 

Carpenters, 

Carriage makers. 

Cigar makers, . 

CoDblers, . 

Compositors, 

Corset makers, . 

Curriers, 

Dial makers. 

Dressmakers, 

Drug makers. 

Dye works operatives. 

Electricians, 

Engravers (metals). 

Envelope makers. 

Firemen (lumber), . 

Ga slitters, . 

Glaziers, 

Harness makers. 

Heelers (shoe), . 

Hose makers (rubber), 

.Jewelry makers, 

Lasters, 

Leather handlers, 

Leather workers, 

Locksmiths, 

Machine operatives (sew 

ins:),. 
Macliinists, 
Manufacturers, . 
Masons (brick). 
Masons (stone), 
Masons' helpers. 
Milliners, . 
Moulders (iron). 
Opticians, . 



3 
4 

13 
3 

10 
1 
I 
r> 

2y 

6 

.5 

H 

8 

15 



3 
1 
3 

r 

3 
•2 

2 

<i 
1 

9 
3 
4 
•2 

1 

20 
10 
22 

5 

8 

3 
1 



Fe- 


Both 


males 


Sexes 


1 


2 


_ 


3 


- 


4 


- 


13 


2 


12 


- 


1 


3 


4 


- 


i) 


- 


29 


- 


6 


- 


5 


_ 


24 


- 


8 


2 


2 


- 


15 


1 


1 


134 


134 


- 


6 


- 


2 


- 


3 


- 


1 


1 


4 


- 


1 


- 


3 


— 


2 


- 


2 


- 


6 


- 


1 


1 


1 


- 


9 


- 


3 


_ 


4 


- 


2 


1 


2 


_ 


20 


1 


11 


_ 


22 


- 


5 


- 


8 


4 


4 


_ 


3 


~ 


1 



Branciiks of Occu- 
pations. 



Males 



Fe- 
males 



Both 
Se.\('S 



Packers, 

Painters (carriages). 
Painters (I'<>"«l'), 
Painters (sign), 
Pai>c'r hangers, . 
Paper mill operatives. 
Pavement makers, . 
Photographers, . 
Plasterers, . 
Polishers (furniture). 
Polishers (metal), . 
Polishers (i)ianos), . 
Polishers (pistol), . 
Plumbers, . 
Printers (job), . 
Printers (music). 
Printers (newspaper), 
Razor makers, . 
Rope makers. 
Shank makers, . 
Skate makers, . 
Slipper makers, 
Splitters (leather;, . 
Steamtitters, 
Stitchers (shoe), 
Stove makers, . 
Stuffera (leather), 
Tailors, 
Tanners, 
Tile makers. 
Tin workers. 
Tool makers, 
Turners (wooden), . 
Umbrella makers, 
Upholstei'ers, 
Watchmakers, . 
Whitewashers, . 
Wig makers, 
Wire workers, . 
Woodworkers, . 
Woollen mill operatives- 
Employes, n. s., 

Totals, 



I 
27 
4 
10 
2 
2 
6 
5 
2 

2 
1 
4 
9 
•2 

6 
1 
1 
1 
1 

3 
4 

1 
3 
2 

7 
1 

it 

4 
3 

17 
1 

28 
1 
4 

11 
1 

14 



459 



11 



37 



209 



1 

10 



2 
1 
4 
9 
2 
6 
] 
1 
1 
1 
4 
3 
4 
2 
1 
3 

13 
7 
1 
3 
4 
3 

37 

18 
1 

28 
2 

4 

11 

1 

15 



668 



Laborers. 



Arms and ammunition, . 

Boxes (paper and wood- 
en) 

Brooms, brushes, and 
mops, . . . . 

Building 

Carriers on roads, . 

Carriers on steam rail- 
roads 

City and town govern- 
ment service, . 

Electrical apparatus and 
appliances, 

Farms, . . . . 

Food preparations, . 

Furniture, . . . . 

Gardens, . . . . 

Laborers and helpers in 
stores, . . . . 



1 


- 


1 


2 


- 


2 


2 

5 
10 


- 


2 

5 

10- 


:k 


- 


33 


73 


- 


73 


1 
29 
5 
2 
2 


- 


1 
29 
5 
2 
2 


53 


- 


53 



Leather, .... 

Liijuors and beverages, . 

Longshoremen, 

Lumber, .... 

Machines and machinerv, 

Metals and metallic goods. 

National government ser- 
vice, 

Printing, publisliing, and 
bookbinding, . . 

Railroad construction and 
equipment, 

Stevedores, 

Tallow, candles, soap, 
and grease. 

Wooden goods, . 

Laborers, n. s 

Totals, 



1 




1 


_ 


37 


_ 


20 


- 


1 


- 


3 


- 


1 


- 


1 


- 


1 


_ 


17 


- 


1 


_ 


1 


- 


266 


- 


569 


- 



1 
1 

37 

20 

1 

3 



266 



569 



24S 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Occupations of Negroes — Coucluded. 
Apirrentices. 



Branchks of Occu- 
pations. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Branchks of Occd- 

PAIIOX8. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


(Jarpentert:, 

I)ivssiii:iki'i-s, 

iMacliiiiists, 

>Ii'talKau(l nielallicgoods. 


1 

2 
1 

1 

1 


1 


1 

1 
2 

J 
1 

1 


Tailors 

Tinsmiths, .... 

Apprentices, ii. s., . 

Totals, 


1 
1 


1 


1 
1 

1 


Personal servici', 
I'liotographs and photo- 
graphic materials, 


8 


2 


10 







Children 


at Work. 








At work only, . 


11 


7 


18 


Totals, 


11 


7 


18 


Scholars mid Students. 


Scholars, .... 
Students, .... 


662 
24 


789 'l,4.il 

7 31 


Totals, 


686 


796 


1,482 


Not Gainf'd, etc. 


Retired 

Dejiendents, 
Not gainful. 


17 

34 

2 


38 .'iS 

74 108 

2 4 


Unemplovcd, 
Totals, 


48 


15 


63 


101 


129 230 






RF.CArTTI'LATION. 







Classes of Occupations. 



Males 



Females 



Both 

Sexes 



Government, . 
Professional, . 
domestic, service, . 
Personal service, . 
Trade, 

Tnmsport.ition, 
Agricultui'e, . 
The Fisheries, 
Manufactures, 
Laborers, 
Apprentices, . 
Chihlren at work, . 
Scholars and students. 
Not gainful, etc., . 

Totals, . 



82 

122 

1,421 

660 

hn'.) 

568 

14 

3 

4.59 

569 

8 

U 

686 

101 



5,263 



6 

45 

989 

863 

17 

9 



209 

2 

7 
796 
129 



3,072 



88 

167 

2,410 

1,.523 

576 

577 

14 

3 

668 

569 

10 

18 

1,482 

230 



8,335 



I'ERCENIAGKS * 



Males Females 



], 

2 

31, 

14, 

12, 

12, 

0, 

0, 

10, 

12, 

0, 

0, 



100.00 



0.28 
2.10 
46.06 
40.20 
0.79 
0.42 



9.73 

0.09 
0.33 



100.00 



Proportions of 

THK SkXES 



Males Females 



93, 
73. 
.58. 
43. 
97. 
98. 

100. 

100, 
68. 

100, 
80, 
61, 
46, 
43, 



63.14 



6.82 

26.95 

41.04 

56.66 

2.95 

1..56 



31.29 

20.00 
3S.S9 
.53.71 
.56.09 



36.86 



* Based upon total males and' females gainfully employed. 

Omitting for the ])urposc of analysis the classes Scholars 
and Students, and Not Gainful, etc, we find that the males, 
numbering 4,47(5, form 07.58 per cent of the total number 
employed in gainful occupations. Of this number, ,'>1.75 per 
cent are engaged in Domestic Service ; 14.74 per cent in Per- 
sonal Service; 12.49 per cent in Trade; 12.69 per cent in 
Transportation; 10.25 per cent in Manufactures; 12.71 per 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX MASSACIirSlOTTS. 



•2l\) 



cent aro Laborers ; and 5.o7 per cent an^ distributed among 
the other chisses. 

The females form o2.42 })er cent of the entire number of 
persons engaged in gainful occupations, and of these 4(i.()(> 
per cent are engaged in Domestic Service ; 40.20 j)er cent in 
Personal Service; U.TA [)vi' cent in Manufactures; and 4.01 
})er cent in the other (dasscs, exce])t those for Agriculture, 
Fisheries, and Laborers in which they are not i-epresentcd. 

Of the aggregate number of persons engaged in Domestic 
Service, 58.96 per cent are males and 41.04 per cent are fe- 
males, and of those employed in Personal Service, 43.34 per 
cent are males and 5{).66 percent, females. Of those engaged 
in Manufactures, ()8.71 per cent are males and 31.29 per cent, 
females. The females outnumber the males in but one class, 
name!}', that of Personal Service. 

The following table shows, by classes of occupations, the 
place of birth of the 8,335 negroes under consideration, 
classified by sex and State or country of birth, as Massachu- 
setts, Southern States, other United States, and Foreign 

Countries : 

Place of Birth of Negroes. 



OCCCPATIONS. 



Government. 

Nittional government, . 
State government, . 
City and town government, 
Army, . ; . . 
Navy 



Professii}nal. 



Religion, . 
Law, 
Medicine, 
liiterature. 
Art, . 
Music, 

Amusements, . 
Education, 
Science, . 



Domestic Service. 

Boarciing and lodging, . 
Domestic service (private fami- 
lies) 

Personal Service. 
Personal service, " . 

Trade. 

Merchants and dealers, 
Salesmen and saleswomen, . 



Males 



_!-'■: 



Mas^ 

sachu- 

setts 



•26 

1-3 

■z 
11 



•23 

1 
•2 
4 
1 



2 
1 

70 



74 
74 

134 

5 
5 



South- 
ern 

States 



It* 

4 
2 
4 



28 

(! 
3 

8 



1 

2i)C 
•245 

.)1 

131 
131 

8.') 
8 
6 



Other 
United 
States 



9 

4 

23 

1 



Gl 

14 
5 

11 
1 
1 

12 

12 
1 
4 

92o 

762 

163 

37S 
378 

297 

40 
15 



For- 
eign 
Coun- 
tries 



10 
1 

3 
2 

1 
3 



107 

80 



43 



Females 



Mas- 
sachu- 
setts 



23 



no 

27 

83 

108 
108 

12 



South- 


Other 


ern 


United 


States 


States 



For- 
eign 
Ooun 
tries 



- 


2 


- 


2 


- 


18 


- 


3 


- 


4 

3 

8 


186 


564 


46 


153 


140 


411 


166 


478 


166 


478 


- 


5 


- 


- 



129 
26 

103 

111 
111 



250 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Place of Birth of Negroes — Continued. 



Occupations. 



Males 



Mas- 
sachu- 
setts 



Trade — Con. 

Accounlants, book k c o \> c r s , 

cli'rk.s, etc 

Agents, bankers, brokers, etc., . 
Messengers, porters, etc., . 

Trunsportation . 

Carriers on roads, 
Carriers on steam railroads, 
Carriers on seas and rivers, 

A griculturc. 
Agriculture, 

The Fisheries. 
The Fisheries 

Manufactures. 

Arms and ammunition. 

Artisans' tools, .... 

Awnings, sails, tents, etc., . 

Boots and shoes, .... 

Brick, tiles, and sewer pipe. 

Building, 

Carriages and wagons, 

Chemical preparations (com- 
pounded), 

Clocks, watches, and iewehy, . 

Clothing, 

Concrete walks, paving, etc.. 

Cooking, lighting, und heating- 
apparatus, ..... 

Cordage and twine. 

Drugs and medicines, . 

Electrical apparatus and appli- 
ances, 

Food preparations. 

Furniture 

Glass 

Hair work (animal and human), 

Hose: rubber, linen, etc., . 

Leather, 

Liciuors: malt, distille(l, and fer- 
mented, 

TiUinlier, 

Machines and macliinery, . 

Metals an<l metallic goolis, . 

Models, lasts, and patterns. 

Musical instruments and mate- 
rials 

Taints, colors, and crude chemi- 
cals, 

Taper and paper goods, 

J'hdiograplis and photographic 
materials, 

Tolislies and dressing, . 

Trinting, publishing, .and book- 
binding, 

I'rint works, dye works, 
bleaclieries, .... 

Kuliber and elastic goods, . 

Saddlery and harness, . 

.Scienlifi'c instruments and 
pliances, .... 

Sporting and athleti«' goods, 

Tobawo, snuff, and cigars, . 

Wooden goods. 

Woollen goods. 

Laborers. 

Laborers (agriculture), 
I>al)<)rers (manufactures), . 
J-i!iborers, other 



and 



ap. 



21) 

5 

1)0 



4.-) 

18 
4 

2 
2 



79 
1 

1 

l.T 

22 
3 



CO 

4 

() 

50 



South- I Other 

ern j United 

States States 



For- 
eign 
Coun- 
tries 



IH 



111) 
41 

m 

9 

5 
,5 



9 

1 

.•52 

4 



:i 
3 

88 



1S2 

297 

134 

149 

14 



.•) 



237 

4 

2 

23 

78 
6 

1 
1 



3 

(i 
13 

1 

1 

31 

1 

1 
14 
16 



320 

k; 

3.') 
275 



9 

4 

24 



38 
23 
24 



3 
3 

t>8 



22 
5 



89 

8 

4 

77 



Females 



Mas- 
sachu- 
setts 



South- 
ern 
States 



Other 
United 
Slates 



For- 
eign 
Coun- 
tries 



63 



1 
.56 



30 



95 



1 

88 



19 



Xo.!').] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIirSETTS. 251 

Place of Birth of Xt't/roes — ConeliidtHl. 



Occupations. 



Apprentices. 
Apprentices, . 

Children at ir«c/,-. 
At work only, 

Scliohira iiiiil Sliu/enta 

Scliolars 

.StuilentB, .... 

Xot (iiiiii/iil, etc. 



Retired, . 
Dependents, . 
Not gainful, . 
Unenii)loyeil, . 



Males 



Mas- 
sachu- 
setts 



Soutli- 

crn 
States 



4 
4 

10 
10 

452 

44ti 
6 

18 



65 
5 

14 

■2 
3 

9 



Other 
United 
States 



3 

3 

1 

1 

13S 

129 

9 



10 
18 
•> 

28 



For- 
eign 
Coun- 
tries 



2(! 

22 

"4 

11 



Fbmaleh 



Mas- 

sacliu- 

setts 



.'■)()2 

498 
4 

23 

8 
14 



South- 
ern 
Stutea 



Other ei>.„ 
United (jijun- 
States tries 



- 


- 


3 


3 


3 


3 


92 


i{;3 


91 


un 


1 


•> 


22 


7(; 


8 


20 


11 


43 


_ 





3 


11 



1 
1 

.'i'.l 

39 





Recapitulation. 


Males. 










Mas- 

sacliu- 


South- 
ern 


Other 
United 


Foreign 
Coiin- 


I'EUCESTAGES* 


Classes of Occu- 


Mas- 


South- 


Other 


Foreipn 


pations. 


setts 


States 


States 


tries 


saelm- 
setts 


ern 

States 


United 
States 


Coun- 
tries 


Government, 


2(! 


13 


37 


6 


4.54 


1.53 


1.44 


1.22 


Professional, 


23 


28 


61 


11> 


4.02 


3.31 


2.38 


2.04 


Domestic services 


93 


296 


925 


107 


16.26 


34.95 


36.03 


21.84 


Personal service. 


74 


131 


378 


t i 


12.94 


15.47 


14.73 


15.71 


Trade, . . . . 


134 


85 


297 


43 


23.43 


10.03 


11. .57 


8.78 


Transportation, 
Agricnlture, 


07 
2 


119 

5 


297 
5 


85 
2 


11.71 
0.35 


14.05 
0.59 


11. .57 
0.19 


17.35 
0.41 
0.61 

13.88 


Tlie Fisheries. . 
Muniifactiires, . 


79 


75 


237 


3 

68 


13.81 


8.85 


9.23 


Laljorers, . . . • 


GO 


94 


326 


89 


10.49 


11.10 


12.70 


18.16 


Apprentices, 


4 


1 


3 


- 


0.70 
1.75 


0.12 


0.12 
0.04 


~ 


Children at work, . 


10 


- 


1 


- 


~ 


~ 


Scholars and students, . 


452 


70 


138 


26 


- 


- 


~ 


~ 


Not gainful, etc.. 


18 


14 


■58 


11 


~ 


" 


" 


" 


Totals, 


1,042 


931 


2,763 


527 


100.00 


1(H). 00 


100.00 


100.00 



Recapitulation. Females. 





Mas- 

sacliu- 

setts 


South- 
em 
States 


Otlier 
United 

States 


Foreign 
Coun- 
tries 


Pekckntage.s* 


Classes of Occu- 
pations. 


Mas- 

saelui- 

setts 


South- 
ern 
States 


Otiier 
United 
States 


Foreign 
Coun- 
tries 


Government, . 
Professional, . 
Domestic service, . 
Personal service. 
Trade, .... 
Transportation, 
Manufactures, . 
Apprentices, 
Children at work, . 
Scholars and students, . 
Not gainful, etc.. 


3 

23 

110 

108 

12 

3 

' 63 

2 

502 
23 


186 
166 

32 

3 

92 

22 


2 

18 

5t)4 

478 

5 

5 

95 

3 

163 

76 


1 

4 

129 

111 

1 

19 

1 

39 

8 


0.93 

7.10 

.33.95 

33. ;« 

3.70 

0.93 

19.44 

0.62 


48.06 
42.89 

8.27 

0.78 


0.17 
1..54 
4.V.20 
40.85 
0.43 
0.4:^ 
8.12 

0.26 


0.38 

1..50 

48.49 

41.73 

0.:58 
7.14 

0.38 


Totals, 


849 


501 


1,409 


313 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


KKI.OO 



* Based upon total males and females gainfully employed. 



252 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Of the male negroes born in Massachusetts nearly one-quarter 
are engaged in branches of occupations classified under the head 
of Trade, the dettiils of which are found in the table on page 
24(). Of those born in the Southern, States the largest per- 






centage, more than one-third, is in Domestic Service. The same 
is true of those born in the other United States, and about one- 
tifth of those born in foreign countries are to be found also in 
this class. Of the male negroes, those born in Massachusetts 
lead in Government, Professional, and Trade, as well as sup- 
plying the larger number of Apprentices and Children at 
Work. They rank second in Manufactures, those born in 
foreign countries leading by a fractional percentage. 

Of the females born in Massachusetts about one-third are in 
Domestic Service, one-third in Personal Service, and one-third 
in the other classes. Of those born in the Southern States, 
nearly one-half arc in Domestic Service, more than four-tenths 
in Personal Service, and the remainder in Manufactures and 
Children at Work. Of those born in other United States, 
nearly one-half are in Domestic Service, four-tenths in Per- 
sonal Service, and about one-tenth in the other classes, and 
practically the same proportions obtain for those born in foreign 
countries. 

The following table shows briefly the number of negroes by 
sex and place of birth, the percentages of males and females 
born iu the respective places, and the relative proportions of 
the sexes : 



Plaoe of Birth. 


31ales 


Females 


ISoth 
Sexes 


Percentages 


Phoportions of 
THE Sexes 


Males 


Females 


Males 


Females 


Mass.Mchusctts, .... 
Southern Stales, .... 
Other United .stat -s, 
Foreign Cijiintries, 


1,042 
931 

2,763 
.'•V27 

5,2(i3 


K49 

f)01 

1,409 

313 

3,072 


1,S91 
1,432 
4,172 

.S40 


19. SO 
17.69 
ii2..'iO 
10.01 


27.64 
16.31 
4.5.86 
10.19 


.W.IO 
65.01 
66.23 
62.74 


44.90 
34.99 
33.77 
37.26 


Totals, . . . , . 


100.00 


100.00 


63.14 


36.86 





Of the total immbcr of males, 19.80 per cent were born in 
Massachusetts, 17. T)!! per cent in Ihc Southern States, 52.50 
per cent in the other United States, and 10.01 per cent in for- 
eign countries. Of those born in Massachusetts about 55 per 
cent were males and 45 per cent females, while of those born in 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN ArASSACIIUSETTS. 



253 



the Southern States and in other United States, nearly two- 
thirds were niah's and one-third females, and in forciirn coun- 
tries, five-eighths males and three-eighths females. 

The next table exhibits the conjugal condition of negroes by 
classes of occupations, age periods, and sex. 

Conjugal Condition of Negroes. 





Males 


Fkmai.es 


Classks of Occu- 


1 






60 

years 
and 
over 










60 

years 
and 
over 




pations AND Conjugal 
Condition. 


Under 
20 

yuars 


80 to 
»!» 

years 


40 to 

years 


Aggre- 
gates 


Under 
30 

years 


SO to 
30 

years 


40 to 
59 

years 


Aggre- 
gates 


Government. 


1 


41 


31 


9 


82 


- 


3 


3 


_ 


t; 


Single 

Married 

Widowed, 


1 


21 

19 

1 


3 

26 

2 


8 
1 


25 

53 

4 


- 


1 


2 
1 


- 


4 
2 


Professional. 


4 


85 


27 


6 


122 


5 


31 


6 


3 


45 


Single 

Married, .... 
Widowed, 


4 


42 

42 

1 


6 

20 

1 


1 
3 
2 


65 
4 


5 


26 
3 
2 


2 
3 

1 


2 
1 


35 
6 
4 


Domestic Service. 


(53 


1,095 


248 


15 


1,421 


110 


671 


182 


26 


989 


Single, .... 
Married, .... 
Widowed, 
Divorced, 


62 

1 


680 

394 

21 


68 
162 

18 


2 

10 
3 


812 

567 

42 


108 
*> 


475 

130 

61 

5 


54 
36 
92 


9 

1 
16 


646 

169 

169 

5 


Personal Service. 


oo 


377 


223 


38 


660 


47 


485 


272 


.59 


863 


Single, .... 
Married, .... 
Widowed, 
Divorced, 


'22 


150 

218 
9 


45 

162 

16 


3 
25 

10 


220 

405 

35 


45 
1 
1 


181 

225 

76 

3 


46 

91 

134 

1 


9 

11 

39 


281 

328 

2.'>0 

4 


Trade. 


92 


334 


114 


19 


.559 


6 


7 


2 


2 


17 


Single 

Married, .... 
Widowed, 


92 


160 

171 

3 


21 

79 
14 


13 

6 


273 

263 
23 


6 


4 

2 

1 


1 
1 


2 


11 
3 
3 


Transportiitlon. 


14 


376 


162 


16 


5()8 


- 


4 


3 


■2 


9 


Single, .... 
Married, .... 
Widowed, 
Divorced, 


13 
1 


164 

202 

10 


25 

125 

11 

1 


13 
3 


202 

U\ 

24 

1 


- 


2 
2 


1 

1 
1 


i> 


3 
1 
5 


Agriculture. 


- 


9 


3 


2 


14 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Single 

Married, .... 
Widowed, 


- 


6 
2 

1 


1 
2 


k> 


7 
i; 
1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


The Fisheries. 


- 


2 


1 


- 


3 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Single, .... 
Married 


- 


1 
1 


1 


- 


1 
2 


- 


- 


~ 


- 


~ 


Mamifactures. 


23 


283 


138 


15 


459 


17 


151 


38 


3 


1 


Single 

IMarried 

Widowed, 
Divorced, 


23 


127 

152 

3 

1 


22 

104 

12 


1 
9 
5 


173 

265 

20 

1 


16 

1 


90 

49 

11 

1 


8 

8 

22 


3 


117 

58 

33 

1 


Laborers. 


21 


319 


198 


31 


569 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Single, .... 
Married, .... 
Widowed, 


21 


137 

168 

10 

4 


46 

129 

21 

2 


1 

22 

7 

1 


205 

319 

38 

7 


- 


- 


- 


; 


; 


Apprentices. 


8 


- 


- 


- 


8 


2 


- 


- 


- 


2 


Single 


8 


- 


- 


- 


8 


2 


" 


" 




2 



254 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



fPub. Doc. 



Conjugal Condition of Negro'^s — Concluded. 




Recapitulatiox. Number. 





Males 


Femalks 


CoNJnoAL Con- 
dition. 


Under 
SO 

years 


20 to 
39 

years 


40 to 
59 

years 


60 

years 
and 
over 


Aggre- 
gates 


Under 

ao 

years 


2Ot0 
39 

years 


40 to 

59 
years 


00 

years 
and 
over 


Aggre- 
gates 


.Single, . 
JIarrietl, 
Widowed, 
Divorced, 


923 

■2 


1,.520 

1,384 

60 

5 


247 

834 

100 

3 


13 
125 

46 
1 


2,703 
2,345 

206 
9 


975 
4 

1 


803 

419 

154 

9 


123 
145 

267 

1 


36 

15 

120 


1,937 

583 

542 

10 


Totals, . 


926 


2,969 


1,184 


185 


5,263 


980 


1,385 


536 


171 


3,072 



Recapittlation. Pekcextaoes. 




Rec A PiTU I- a tt( )n . Percenta ges . 





Males 


Females 


Conjugal Con- 
dition. 


Under 

20 
years 


ao to 

39 

years 


40 to 
39 

years 


CO 

years 
and 
over 


Aggre- 
gates 


Under 

ao 

years 


aoto 

39 

years 


40 to 
59 

years 


60 

years 
and 
over 


Aggre- 
gates 


Single, . . . 
IMai-ried, 
Widowed, 
Divorced, 


',K).78 
0.22 


51.20 

46.61 

2.02 

0.17 


20.86 

70.44 

8.45 

0.25 


7.03 
67.57 
24.86 

0..54 


51.36 

44.56 

3.91 

0.17 


99.49 
0.41 
0.10 


.57.98 

30.25 

11.12 

0.65 


22.95 

27.05 

49.81 

0.19 


21.05 

8.77 

70.18 


63.05 

18.98 

17.64 

0.33 


Totals, . 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



Xo. i:..] THE XE(iH() I\ MASSACIirSF/rTS. 



255 



Of the 8,335 negi'oes considered, 4,(540 were single, 2,!»28 
married, 74S widowed, and U) divorced. Over four-tenths of 
the males and nearly one-fifth of the females were mai-ricd. 
Of the married males, nearly ()0 per cent were l)etween 20 and 

39 years of age, and nearly 3() per cent were between 40 and 51) 
years of age. Of the married females, seven-tenths Avere be- 
tween 20 and 39 A'ears of age, and nearly one-(|narter between 

40 and 59 years. About one-third of the single males and 
slightly more than one-half of the single females were under 
20 years of age. 

The next table shows the length of residence in Massachu- 
setts of negroes em})loyed in the various classes of occupations 
by periods of years as follows : Under one year, one but under 
10 years, 10 but under 20 years, and 20 years and over. The 
last two classes. Scholars and Students and Not Gainful, etc., 
for obvious reasons, are omitted from this consideration. 

Length of Residence in MassacJiusefts of Negroes. 



Occupations. 



Males 



Lesral 
Voters 



Under 
1 

vear 



Government . 

National government, 

Sfcite government, 

City and town government, 

Ariny, 

Navy, 

Professional. 

Religion, 

Law, 

Medicine, 

Literature 

Art 

Music 

Amusements, . . . . 

Education 

Science, 

Domestic Service. 

Boarding and lodging, 
Domestic service (private fami- 
lies), 

Personal Service. 
Personal service, . . . . 

Trade. 

Merchants and dealers. 
Salesmen and saleswomen. 
Accountants, boolikeepers, 
clerks, etc., . . . . 
Agents, Imnkers, Ijrokers, etc.. 
Messengers, porters, etc., . 



26 
8 

S7 
I 
4 

104 

•21 

10 

22 

3 

25 

14 

3 

6 

,195 

977 

218 

570 
570 

443 

55 
23 

81 

12 

272 



Femalrs 



1 but 

under 
lO 

vears 



I O but 

under 
20 

jears 



30 

years 

"and 

over 



47 

40 



15 
15 

11 



13 


15 


3 


3 


,5 
5 


10 

1 
1 


.39 


28 


8 

lii 


5 
3 

5 


1 
() 

6 


8 
5 


1 


o 


797 


304 


669 


250 


128 


54 


220 


172 


220 


172 


183 


178 


19 
11 


17 
6 


32 

1 
120 


37 
o 

116 



54 

22 

8 

24 



.50 

9 
5 
7 
2 
1 

13 
7 
3 
3 

273 

198 

75 

253 
253 

187 

20 
10 

37 

11 

109 





Ibut 


10 but 


20 


Under 


under 


under 


vears 


1 


lO 


30 


and 


year 


years 


years 


over 



9 

58 

28 
28 



2 


- 


2 


: 


6 


12 


1 


- 


3 

1 
1 


5 
5 
2 


486 


213 


90 


1 t 


396 


136 


296 


219 


296 


219 


2 


6 


- 


1 


1 

1 


2 


" 


3 



6 
.) 

10 



223 
76 

147 

320 
320 

9 
2 



256 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



LenqtJt of Residence in Massachusetts o/^e{/?'oes — Continued. 





Le^al 


Males 


Females 






1 but 


1 but 


ao 




1 but 


10 but 


20 


Occupations. 


Voters 


Under 


under 


under 


years 


Under 


under 


under 


years 






1 


lO 


80 


and 


1 


lO 


20 


and 






year 


years 


years 


over 


year 


years 


years 


over 


Trmisportatioii. 


470 


IS 


235 


144 


171 


- 


3 


1 


5 


Carriers on roads, 


204 , 


s 


86 


64 


100 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Carriers on steam railroads, 


•2:i3 


8 ■ 


131 


68 


.'i2 


- 


- 


- 


o 


Carriers on seas and rivers, 


.S.S 


2 


18 


12 


19 


- 


3 


1 


3 


Agneiilture. 


10 


2 


4 i 


o 


6 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Agriculture 


10 


.> 


4 ' 


2 


C 


- 


- 


- 


- 


The Flalieries. 


1 


- 


3| 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


The Fisheries 


1 


- 


3 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Manufactures. 


3,^4 


12 


166 


100 


172 


10 


65 


46 


88 


Arms and ammunition. 


1 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Artisans' tools, .... 


4 


- 


-2 


9 


- 


- 


- 




- 


Awnings, sails, tents, etc.. 


;i 


- 


i 


1 


1 


- 


- 


1 


- 


Boots and shoes, .... 


:^8 


.7 


16 


18 


18 


- 


1 


3 


4 


Brick, tiles, and sewer piiie. 


1 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Building 


1-24 


4 


.58 


27 


6.T 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Carriages and wagons. 


i;i 


1 


3 


a 


1) 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Chemical preparations (com- 




















pounded), 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Clocks, watches, and jewelry, . 


1 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


1 


Clothing 


- 


- 


.> 


1 


- 


i) 


62 


38 


82 


Concrete walks, iiaying, etc., . 


2 


- 


.^ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Cooking, lighting, and lieating 




















ai)paratus, 


1 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Cordage and twine, . 


1 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Drugs and medicines. 


4 


_ 


1 


3 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Electrical apparatus and .Miiiili- 




















ances, 


4 


- 


3 


- 


2 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Food preparations, 


.T 


1 


6 


.> 


2 


1 


- 


1 


- 


Furniture 


24 


2 


.") 


.T 


14 


- 


1 


- 


- 


Glass, 


1 


_ 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Hair work (animal and liumaii), 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


1 


- 


Hose: rubljer, linen, etc., . 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 




- 


Leather, 


31 


1 


21 


s 


(i 


- 


- 




_ 


Liquors: malt, distilled, and 




















fermented, 


1 


_ 


1 




1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Lumber, 


•2 


_ 


2 


- 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


Machines and machinery, . 


20 


- 


6 


6 


10 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Metals and metallic goods, 


24 


1 


6 


12 


12 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Models, lasts, and patterns. 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Musical Instruments and mate- 




















rials 


3 


_ 


1 


1 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Paints, colors, and crude cliemi- 




















cals, 


1 


_ 


_ 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Paper and paper goods, 


4 


- 


2 


.) 


1 


- 


- 


1 


- 


Photographs and photogra|>hic 




















materials, . . . . 


,5 


- 


2 


2 


i> 


- 


- 


- 


1 


Polishes an<l dressing. 


4 


_ 


1 


I 


2 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Printing, publishing, and book- 




















binding 


14 


_ 


10 


i 


10 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Print works, dye works, and 




















l)leacheries, * . 


5 


_ 


3 


1 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


Rubber and elastic goods, . 


_ 


_ 




- 


_ 


- 


- 


1 


- 




1 


_ 


- 


1 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


.Scientillc instruments and ap. 




















pliances, 


3 


_ 


- 


- 


3 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Sporting and alliletic goods, 


1 


_ 


1 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Tobacco, snulf, and cigars, 


1 


_ 


4 


1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


Wooden goods, .... 


4 


_ 


3 


1 


3 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


Woollen goods 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Lahn7'er>i. 


431 


l.") 


2;^o 


134 


liK) 


_ 


- 


_ 


- 


Laborers (agriculture). 


20 


1 


13 


>< 


'.) 


^ 


_ 


_ 


- 


Laborers (manul.'ictiires), 


40 


1 


10 


14 


23 


^ 


- 


_ 


- 


Laborci's, other .... 


371 


13 


207 


112 


l.\S 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Apprp)iticcs. 


- 


- 


4 


4 


- 


- 


- 


.> 


- 


Aiiprentices, .... 


- 


- 


4 


4 


- 


- 


- 


.> 


- 


f'lii/i/rrii III Work. 


- 


1 


1 


!t 


_ 


1 


,■■. 


1 


- 


At work only, .... 


- 


1 


1 


!) 


- 


1 


5 


1 


- 



No. 1').] TIIIC XK(ai{) IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



L>r)7 



Length of Residence in Massachusetts of Negroes — Concluded. 
Recapitulation. Mai.ks. 













Percentaok.s 


■ 




1 but 

under 

10 


10 but 

under 

20 


20 

years 
and 










Classes or occupationji. 


1 
vear 


Under 


I but 
under 


lObut 
under 


20 

vcars 






years 


years 


over 


1 

year 


10 

years 


20 

years 


and 
over 


Government, .... 




13 


15 


54 




15.85 


18.^20 


65.86 


Professional, 






n 


39 


•28 


50 


4.10 


31.97 


•22.95 


40.98 


Domestic service. 






47 


797 


304 


■273 


3.31 


.'■)6.09 


21.39 


19.21 


Personal service, . 






1.-) 


•2-20 


17-2 


•253 


•2. -27 


33.33 


•26.06 


38.34 


Trade, . 






11 


183 


17S 


187 


1.97 


32.74 


31.84 


33.45 


Transportation, . 






Ls 


•235 


144 


171 


3.17 


41.37 


•25.35 


30.11 


Agriculture, . 






2 


4 


•) 


6 


14.^29 


'28.57 


14. '29 


42.85 


The Fisheries, 






- 


3 


_ 


_ 


_ 


100.00 






Manufactures, 






12 


166 


109 


17-2 


'2.61 


36. 17 


23.75 


37.47 


Laborers, 






l.T 


•230 


134 


190 


•2.64 


40.42 


23.. 55 


.3.?.:{9 


Avtprentices, 






- 


4 


4 


- 


- 


.50.00 


.50.00 




Children at work. 






1 


1 


9 


- 


9.09 


9.09 


81.82 


- 


Totals, . 




• 


l-2ti 


1,895 


1,099 


I,3.i6 


•2.82 


42.34 


•24., 55 


30. -29 



Rfx'apitulatiox. Females. 















Percentages 






Under 

1 
year 


1 but 

under 

lO 


lObut 

under 

20 


20 

years 
and 








Classes of Occupations. 


Under 


Ibiit 
under 


10 but 
under 


20 

vears 




years 


years 


over 


1 


lO 


20 


and 












year 


years 


years 


over 


Government, .... 




2 




4 




;k..33 




66.67 


Professional, 








2 


6 


12 


•25 


4.44 


13.33 


•26.07 


.55.. 56 


Domestic service, 








67 


486 


213 


223 


6.77 


49.14 


•21.. 54 


•22.. 55 


Personal service, . 








28 


•296 


219 


320 


3. '24 


34.30 


•25.38 


37.08 


Trade, . 








_ 


2 


() 


9 


_ 


11.77 


35. '29 


.52.94 


Transportation, . 








- 


3 


1 


5 


_ 


33.33 


11.11 


.55.. 56 


Manufactures, 








10 


65 


46 


88 


4.78 


31.10 


22.01 


42.11 


Apprentices, . 








- 







_ 


_ 


_ 


100.00 




Children at work, 








1 


i> 


i 


- 


14. -29 


71.42 


14. -29 


- 


TOTAL8, . 








108 


865 


500 


674 


5.03 


40.^29 


■23. -29 


31.39 



Of the males, 2.82 per cent, and of the females, 5.03 per 
cent ha\e lived in the State less than one year. A])out four- 
tenths of either sex have lived in Massachusetts over one year 
but under 10 years ; nearly one-quarter of both males and 
females have lived in Mas.sachusetts at least 10 years but 
under 20 years, and about three-tenths have lived in the State 20 
years or more. It may be of interest to the student to note 
the length of residence in Massachusetts of both males and 
females engaged in Agriculture, Manufactures, Trade, and 
other occupations as set forth in the preceding table. 

We next present the number of voters and the percentages 
of voters and non-voters by classes of occupations. 



258 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Legal Voters- 



Classes of Occupation s. 



Government, 
Professional, 
Domestic service, 
Personal service, 
Trade, 

Transportation, 
Agriculture, 
Tlie Fisheries, . 
Manufactures, . 
Laborers, . 
Apprentices. 
C'liildreu at work. 
Scholars and students, 
Isot gainful, etc., 



Totals, 



Nnmber of 

Males 



82 

111 

1,4-21 

G60 

bm 

508 

14 

3 

459 

569 

8 

11 

686 

101 



5,-263 



Number of 
Legal Voters 



76 

104 

1,195 

570 

443 

470 

10 

1 

354 

431 



15 



3,74-2 



Percentages 



Voters 



9-2.68 
85.25 
84.10 
86.36 
79. '25 
82.75 
71.43 
33.33 
77.12 
75.75 



2.19 

72. -28 



(1.10 



Non- Voters 



7.32 
14.75 

15.90 
13.64 
20.75 
17.25 
28.57 
66.67 
-22.88 
•24.25 



97.81 
-27.72 



-28.90 



Percentage 

of Voters 
in each Class 



2.03 

2.78 

31.93 

15.23 

11.84 

12.56 

0.27 

0.03 

9.4« 

11.. 52 



0.40 
1.95 

100.00 



The largest percentage of voters is found in the class Do- 
mestic Service and the smallest in The Fisheries. Of the 
5,263 male negroes, 71.10 per cent were legal voters. Refer- 
ring to the table on conjugal condition on page 254 we find 
that 82.42 per cent of the total number of males were over 
twent}' years of age. 

To recapitulate : In this special investigation, the industrial 
condition of 8,385 negroes is shown. Of this number, five- 
ciffhths were males, and three-eighths were females. Males 
only are employed in 213 branches of occupations and females 
in 30 branches, while both sexes are employed in 54 branches. 
Of the males, 20 in each one hundred were born in Massachu- 
setts, 18 in the Southern States, 52 in other Tnited States, and 
10 in foreion countries. Of tlie females, 28 in each one hun- 
dred were born in Massachusetts, ll! In the Soutliern States, 4() 
in other United States, and 10 in foreign countries. In other 
words, of the two sexes, more than one-half of those born in 
Massachusetts were males, and nearly two-thirds of those born 
in Southern States and in the other United States were also 
males, while of those born in foreign countries five-eighths 
were males. Four-tenths of the males were married and five- 
eiiihths of the females were sinole. More than one-half of all 
the negroes were between 20 and ,')'.» years of age. Three- 
tenths of the males engaged in gainful occupations had resided 
in the State for 20 v^ears or more, and four-tenths of the females, 



No. 1.5. ] THE \K(;K() IX MASSACIirSKTTS. 



2r>[) 



one year but under 10 ^^'ars. Seven-tenths of the mules were 
lejial voters. 

In order to show thai in our speeiul invcstiiratioii thr Icadin^j: 
oceupations of the negroes of the Statt" were fuiily covered, wo 
elose with a table which gives details of oceupations for 1 !)()(). 
These figures have been supplied by the T'nited States Bureau 
of the Census in advance of publication in the Federal report. 

yegroes in. Gainful Occupations : 1900. 



Occupations. 



Males 



males 



Both 
Sexes 



All Oeeiipntiona. 

Agkicultukai- I'uk 

SUITS. 

A^riculturul laboivrs, . 

Furiners, i)lanter8, and 
overseers, . 

Gardeners, llorists, 
nurseryiucii, etc., 

lannliermen and rafts- 
men, .... 

Stock raisers, herders, 
and drovers. 

Wood choppers, . 

Professional Seu- 

VICE. 

Actors, professional 
sl)ownien, etc., . 

Architects, desijrners, 
draughtsmen, etc., . 

Artists and teacliers of 
art 

Clergymen, . 

Dentists, 

Electricians, . 

Engineers (civil, etc.) 
and surveyors, . 

Journalists, . 

Lawyers, 

Literary anil scientiflc 
persons. 

Musicians and teachers 
of music. 

Officials (government). 

Physicians and sur- 
geons, .... 

Teachers and profess- 
ors in colleges, etc., . 

Other professional ser- 
vice 

Domestic and Per- 
sonal Service. 

Barbers and hairdress- 
ers, . . . . 

l?art€nders, . 

Boarding and lodging 
house keepers, . 

Hotel keepers. 

Housekeepers and 
stewards, . 

Janitors an<l sextons, . 

Laborers (not speci- 
fied), . . . . 

Launderers and laun- 
dresses, 



10,864 

7(1 

16 

1 

1 
4 

■i7S 



6 

m 

10 

3 

7 

■20 



54 
3 

lil 

10 

4 



5,747 ! 16,611 



ilK 
IS 



2 
39 

6 

•23 
4 



673 
576 

75 

16 

1 

1 

4 

376 
71 



62 
15 
10 

3 

8 
20 



93 
3 

25 

33 

8 



6,039 6,012 11,051 



306 
17 

8 
6 

74 
.592 

2,078 

18 



26 

72 
1 

186 
45 

93 

1,182 



332 

17 

80 



260 
637 

2,171 

1,200 



OCCl PATIONS. 



Males 



All Occnpalloiiu 

— Con. 

Domestic and I'ku- 
soNAL Service— Con. 

Nurses and midwives, . 
Restaurant keeper.s, . 
Saloon keepers, 
Servants and waiters, . 
Soldiers, sailors, and 

marines (U. S.), 
Watchmen, policemen, 

firemen, etc.. 
Other domestic and 

(lersonal service. 

Trade and Trans- 
portation. 

Agents, .... 

Bankers and brokers, . 

Boatmen and sailors, . 

Bookkeepers and ac- 
countants, . 

Clerks and copyists, . 

Commercial ti-avelers, . 

Draymeu, hackmen, 
teamsters, etc., . 

Foremen and overseers, 

Hostlers, 

Hucksters and petl- 
dlers 

Livery stable keeiiers, 

Merc-hants and dealers 
(except wholesale), . 

Merchants and dealers 
(wholesale). 

Messengers and errand 
and otlice boys, . 

Officials of banks and 
companies, . 

Packers and shipi)ers, . 

Porters and helpers (\u 
stores, etc.), 

Sfilesmen and sales- 
women, 

Steam railroad em- 
ployes. 

Stenographers and 

typewriters. 
Street railway em- 

ployes, 
TelcgVaph and tcle- 

])hone linemen, . 
Telegraph and tele- 
phone oi)erators, 
Undertakers, . 
Other persons in trade 
and transportation, . 



79 

9 

2,625 



54 
146 



2,325 

43 

1 

140 

8 

166 

5 

609 

5 

237 

34 
3 

113 



Fp- Hotli 
males Sexes 



8 
3,270 



42 



99 
10 



9 
15 



104 

4 
49 



12 
1 



.578 


3 


71 


14 


85 


1 


17 


16 , 


6 


- 


•} 


- 


o 


2 


.3 


- 


m 


- i 



92 

87 

9 

5,895 

22 

r,i 

188 



2,424 

53 

1 

140 

17 

isl 

5 

611 

5 

237 

34 
3 

125 

8 

HI 

5 
.55 

581 

85 

86 

33 

6 

2 

4 
3 

:« 



2 HO 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc 



Negroes in Gainful Occupations : I'JOO — Continued. 



OCCDPATIONS. 



,, , Fe- Both 

fliaies njjjles Sexes 



All Oociipntlon« 

— (on. 

Man I! KAcTiJ uiNG and 

MKIHANICAI. I'llK- 
SUITS. 

liuUdhig Trades. 

Carpenters mikI ioiners, 
JVIasous (brick and 

stone),. 
Painters, jrlaziers, and 

varnisliers, . 
I'aiier hangers, 
riaslcrers, . 
I'liiniliers and gas and 

steam litters, 
Knofers and slaters, . 
Meclianie.s (not otlier- 

wisc specified), . 

Chemicals and AUied 
Products. 

Chemical workers, 

CUnj, flhiss, mid Stmic 
J'rndiirts. 

Brick and tile makers, 
etc., .... 

(J lass workers, 

ilarljle and stone i-ut- 
ters 

Potters, .... 

FisJiinff and Mhiinri. 

Fishermen and oyster- 
men, .... 
Miners and qnaiTymen, 

Food fdtd Khidri'd 
I'riidiirts. 

IJakers, .... 
IJuti'liers, 

IJutter and clicese mak- 
ers, .... 
Confectioners, 
Millers, .... 
Other food preparers, . 

Iron mid Steel and 
their Products. 

IJlacksmitlis, . 

Iron and steel workers. 

Machinists, . 

Steam boiler makers, . 

Stove, furnace, and 

gi-ate makers, 
Toolaiidcutlery n)akers, 
Wheelwriglits, 
Wire workers, 

Leather and its Fin- 
ished I'roducts. 

IJoot and shoe makers 
and repairers, . 

Harness and saddle 
makers and repairei-s. 

Leather curriers and 
tanners. 

Liquors and liererayes. 

TSottlersand soda water 

makers, etc., 
Itrewers and maltsters. 



l,r)55 
3SS 
107 

S3 

n 

9 
6 



3 



14 
1 

38 

30 

8 



59 

•li 
•23 



139 
2- 

43 
3 

2 
C. 
1 
9 



242 
187 

4 



532 
1 



45 
42 



2,087 
389 
107 

143 

83 

11 

9 

2(i 
(5 



3 
3 

19 



14 
1 

38 

30 

8 



62 

23 
23 



141 

22 

54 

43 

3 

2 
6 
1 

10 



287 

229 
2 

m 

4 

3 
1 



Occni-ATioxs. 



^I»l^'s I mates 



All Ocoiipnlions 

— Con. 

]SIanufactuking and 

]MECHANHAI> I'UK- 

suiT.s — Con. 

T^iunhcr and its lie- 
inanu/acturcs. 

Cabinetmakers, . 
Coopers, .... 
Saw and plai\ing mill 

employes, . 
Other woodworkers, . 

Metals and .Vital I'rod- 
ucts other than iron 
and Steel. 

Brass workers. 

Clock and watch mak- 
ers and repairers. 

Gold and silver work- 
ers 

Tinplate and tinware 
makers. 

Other metal workers, . 

Paper and Printing. 

Bookbinders, 

Box makers (paper), . 

Paper and pulp niill 

operatives, . 
Printers, lithographers, 

and pressmen, . 

Textiles. 

Bleachery and dye 
works operatives. 

Cotton mill operatives. 

Hosiery and knitting 
mill operatives, . 

Silk mill operatives. 

Woollen mill opera- 
tives, . . . . 

Other textile mill oper- 
atives, . . . . 

Dressmakers, 

Hat and cap makers, . 

Milliners, 

Seamstresses, 

Shirt, collar, and cuff 
makers, 

Tailors and tailoresses, 

Other textile workers. 



Miscellinimiis /ii das- 
tries. 

Broom and brush mak- 
ers, . . . . 

Charcoal, coke, and 
lime burners. 

Engineers and liremen 
(not locomotive), 

Manufacturers and otli- 
cials, etc., . 

Photograjdiers, . 

Rul)l)er factory oi)era- 
tives, . . . . 

Tobacco and cigar fac- 
tory oi)erative8, 

Upholsterers, 

Otlier miscellaneous in- 
dustrii's. 



(il 
3 

10 



12 
3ti 



9 

48 

3 
1 

8 

36 

148 

13 
22 



32 

3 
1 
1 



379 



KKS 

17 

6 

14 

8 
25 

192 



26 

5 
11 

3 



416 

1 
12 



1 

s 

259 
1 

13 
91 

1 

23 

3 



34 
1 



Both 
Sexes 



64 

3 

10 

12 

39 



29 
6 

1 

5 

8 
9 

74 

8 
12 

11 

43 

564 

14 
34 

1 

2 



40 

2.59 

4 

14 

92 

1 

95 
4 



413 

3 

7 
108 

17 

7 

15 

9 
26 



No. lo.] THE NEGRO IX MASS.U'IirSF/rrS. 



2t;i 



Negroes in Gainful Occupations: 1900 — Concluded. 

llECAlMTII.A 1 ION. 





Males 


Female.s 


H.itli 
Sexes 


Perckntac.k.s 


Occupations. 


Males 


Females 


All oocui'ATioN.s. 

Agricultural pursuits, .... 

Professional service, 

Domestic and personal si-rvice, 
Trade and transportation, 
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. 


10,864 

667 

•278 

6,039 

2,3-25 

1,.5.55 


5,747 

(i 

98 

5,012 

99 

.532 


16,611 

673 

376 

11,051 

2,424 

2,087 


100.00 

6.14 

2., 56 

.55.59 

21.40 

14.31 


10(1. 00 

0.10 
1.71 
87.21 
1.72 
9.26 



Unfortunately there are no stiitisties in existence which will 
show for a period of years the births, marriages, and deaths 
of the negroes in Massachusetts separate from those of other 
races. They are important elements in sociological study, but 
the expense necessary to secure such data would be too great 
for this Department to undertake at this time. We have, 
however, been able to tabulate the records of 37 cities and 
towns in which 84.23 per cent of the aggregate negro popu- 
lation of the State resided in 1900, and present the data for 
bu'ths for the years 1900, 1901, and 1902, in the following 

table : 

Births of Negroes: 1900-1902. 



CiTlKS AND Tl>WNS. 



Amherst, . 
Attleborough, 

BO(<TON, . 

Brockton, 
Brookline, . 
Cambridge, 
Chelsp:a, . 
Everett, . 
Fall River, 
Great Barrington, 
Haverhill, 
Hyde Park, 
Lawrence, 
Lee, . 
Lenox, 
Lowell, . 
Lynn, 
Maluen, . 
Medford, 
Melrose, . 
New Bedford, 
Newburypokt, 
Newton, . 
North Adams, 
Northampton, 
Pittsfield, . 
Plymouth, . 





1900 






1901 






1902 




Males 


Fe- 


Both 


Males 


Fe- 


Both 


Msles 


Fe- 


Both 




males 


Sexes 




males 


Sexes 




males 


Sexes 


6 


•2 


8 


4 


1 


5 


2 


3 


5 


1 


1 


2 


2 


- 


2 


1 


1 


2 


162 


160 


322 


140 


*145 


285 


174 


139 


313 


12 


3 


15 


5 


2 


7 


8 


5 


13 


_ 


2 


2 


1 


1 


2 


1 


_ 


1 


58 


63 


121 


*69 


*69 


138 


60 


56 


116 


11 


10 


21 


i 


3 


10 


4 


9 


13 


5 


15 


20 


10 


n 


21 


8 


9 


17 


*5 


2 


I 


2 


- 


2 


3 


5 


8 


1 


- 


1 


2 


2 


4 


- 


3 


3 


4 


4 


8 


•> 


1(1 


12 


6 


4 


10 


1 


1 


2 


*•> 


**> 


4 


1 


2 


3 


_ 


2 


2 


- 


*4 


4 


I 


1 


1 


3 


4 


i 


- 


1 


1 


•> 


_ 


2 


1 


_ 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


1 


1 


1 


1 


_ 


1 


_ 


•J 


2 




2 


2 


13 


6 


19 


13 


4 


17 


12 


12 


24 


6 


7 


13 


8 


9 


17 


13 


10 


23 


6 


4 


10 


3 


3 


6 


1 


3 


4 


1 


1 


2 


- 


2 


2 


1 


3 


4 


14 


12 


26 


13 


6 


19 


i 11 


8 


19 


3 


1 


4 


3 


2 


5 


1 3 


3 


6 


*7 


6 


13 


8 


3 


11 


t 12 


9 


21 


2 


1 


3 


2 


1 


3 


- 


- 


- 


1 


1 


2 


1 


- 


1 


- 


1 


1 


6 


3 


9 


5 


4 


9 


6 


5 


11 


- 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


1 


1 


2 



* Includes one pair twins. 



'2^2 



STATISTIC S OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Births of Xeqroes: 1900-1902 — ConQ.hidea. 





1900 


1901 


1902 


CiTiKs AND Towns. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Sai-KM 

somkkvili.k, . 
spkingkielu, . 
Stockbridge, 
Tauxton, .... 
Wareliain, .... 
Willianistowii, . 
Winchester, 

AVOUUKN, .... 
WOUCESTEK, . 


1 
1-2 

•2 

1 

4 

1-2 


1 

12 

1 

to 

1 
■2 

1 

17 


1 

1 

*-24 

1 
o 

7 

1 

6 

6 

2il 


•2 
4 

16 
1 

.) 

IS 


1 

•2 

14 

2 

2 

4 

16 


3 

6 

30 

1 

•2 

4 

6 
34 


4 
1^ 

1 

1 

9 
22 


12 
14 


6 

3 

24 

1 
•> 

4 
1 

13 
.36 


Totals, 


367 


3,53 


720 


34S 


329 


677 


380 


33.'i 


715 



* Tncludes two pairs twius (nue pair male, one i)air male and female). 
f Includes one jiair twins. 

In lltOO, the number of births of negro children Ava.s 720. 
Of the.se, o()7, or oO.DT i)er cent, were males. In 1!K)1, the 
total births were ()77, of which 348, or 51.40 per cent, were 
males. In 1*102, the total births were 71f), of which 380, or 
53.15 per cent, were males. The aggregate number of births 
decreased in 1901 and 11102 as compared with 1900. More 
than one-half of the births occurr(>d in the cities of Boston and 
Cambridge in which 48.41 per cent of the total negro popula- 
tion of the State in 1900 was found. 

The next table shows for the 37 cities and towns the num- 
ber of marriatres durins: the years 1900, 1901, and 1902. 

Marriaqes of Xe'/roes : 1900-1902. 





1900 


1901 


1902 






Mixed 






Mixed 






Mixed 




Cities and Tow.ns. 


















Ne- 


Wliite 


Negro 


To- 


Me- 


White 


Negro 


To- 


Ne- 


White 


Negro 


To- 




gro 


Groom 
Necrro 


Groom 

White 


tals 


gro 


Groom 
Negro 


Groom 
White 


tals 


gro 


Groom 

Negro 


Groom 
Wliite 


tals 






Bride 


Bride 




3 


Bride 


Bride 






Bride 


Bride 




Amherst, 


1 




1 


•) 






3 


2 






2 


Attleborough, 


4 


- 


- 


4 


3 


_ 


- 


3 


•) 


- 


- 


2 


Bo.sTox, 


176 


3 


30 


209 


174 


- 


30 


204 


166 


4 


2,5 


19,5 


BKOCKTON, . 


3 


- 


_ 


3 


3 


- 


- 


3 


2 


- 


1 


3 


IJrooklinc, 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


2 


_ 


_ 


i> 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


Camhkidoe, . 


74 


2 


4 


80 


74 


- 


- 


74 


92 


- 


- 


92 


C'lIEL.'iEA, 


• H 


_ 


_ 


8 


6 


_ 


_ 


6 


18 


- 


- 


18 


EVKKKTT, 


10 


- 


- 


10 


22 


- 


_ 


22 


18 


- 


4 


22 


Fall Hiveu, 


1 


J 


_ 


8 


8 


_ 


1 


9 


9 


- 


1 


10 


(Jre.'it IJarrington, 


i 


- 


_ 


4 


3 


- 


_ 


3 


2 


- 


- 


2 


Havekiiii.i,, 


4 


_ 


_ 


4 


9 


- 


_ 


9 


2 


1 


- 


3 


FIvd<- I'ark, . 




- 


_ 


- 


2 


- 


- 


2 


2 


- 


- 


2 


Lawke.nce, . 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


3 


- 


- 


3 


Lee, 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


3 


_ 


_ 


3 


1 


- 


- 


1 


Lenox, . 


2 


_ 


_ 


2 


1 




_ 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


I>owem., 


1 


- 


1 


2 


6 




- 


6 


1 


- 


1 


2 


I.VN.V, . 


6 


2 


- 


8 


18 


- 


2 


20 


12 


- 


2 


14 


Mai.de.n, 


8 


— 


2 


10 


16 


~ 


~ 


16 


8 


— 


"* 


8 



No. I,-).] THE NEGRO L\ MASSACHUSETTS. 



2(;;{ 



Marriages of Neyroes: 1900-1902 — Concliuk'd. 





1900 


1901 


1002 


Cities and Towns. 




Mixed 






Mixed 






Mixed 




Nc- 


White 


Negro 


To- 


Ne- 


White 


Nc>;ni 


To- 


Ne- 


Wliito 


Nfftro 


To- 




yro 


Groom 
Np),'ro 
Bride 


Groom 
White 
Bride 


tals 


gro 


Groom 
Ncs-To 
Bride 


Groom 
White 
Bride 


tals 


gro 


Groom 
Ni'k'ro 
Bride 


Groom 
White 
Bride 


tals 


Medfokd, . 


4 






4 


R 






6 


4 






4 


Melkose, 


6 


- 


- 


() 


4 


_ 


_ 


4 


2 


_ 


_ 


2 


New Beufoku, . 


y 


- 


2 


U 


lit 


'1 


t4 


24 


8 


1 


1 


10 


Newburvfokt, . 


11) 


_ 


_ 


10 


_ 


_ 




_ 


4 


_ 


_ 


4 


Newton, 


6 


- 


- 


(i 


4 


- 


- 


4 


10 


- 


- 


10 


North Adams, . 


2 


- 


- 


2 


3 


tl 


_ 


4 


1 


_ 


1 


2 


Northampton, . 


1 


- 


- 


1 


2 




- 


•> 


- 


- 


- 


- 


PITTSFIELIJ, . 


a 


_ 


- 


3 


1 


_ 


1 


■> 


1 


_ 


_ 


1 


Plymouth, 


- 


1 


- 


1 


2 


- 


- 


2 


- 


- 


- 




Salem, . 


s 


- 


- 


v; 


o 


- 


- 


2 


•) 


- 


- 


2 


SOMERVILLE, 


•> 


- 


_ 


•> 


- 


_ 


- 


- 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


Springfield, 


'.) 


_ 


_ 


11 


11 


_ 


1 


12 


11 


§1 


- 


12 


Stockbridge, . 


_ 


- 


_ 


- 


1 


- 


- 


1 


_ 




- 


- 


Taunton, . 


.> 


- 


1 


3 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3 


- 


- 


3 


Warebaiii, 


.) 


- 


I 


3 


,> 


_ 


- 





4 


- 


- 


4 


Williamstown, 


1 


_ 


_ 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2 


- 


- 


2 


Winchester, . 


1 


- 


- 


1 





_ 


_ 





1 


- 


_ 


1 


WOBURN, 


1 


_ 


- 


1 


3 


- 


1 


4 


•) 


- 


- 


•> 


Worcester, 


384 


- 


1 


lU 
43(i 


12 


- 


•> 


14 


13 


- 


- 


13 


Totals, . 


i) 


43 


4;^3 


•> 


42 


477 


40S 


7 


36 


451 



* Indian groom. f 1 Indian bride. X Italian groom. § Chinese groom. 

The imiiiber of iiiamages in the 37 cities and towns in I'JOO 
was 4o(i. (Jf these, 384, or 88.07 })er cent, were negro grooms 
and brides, and b'2^ or 11.03 per cent, mixed races. Of the 
52 mixed marriages, 43 Avere negro grooms and white brides, 
and nine were white STOoms and negro brides. 

In litOl, the aofSfreoate nmiiber of marriaii'es was 477, of whieli 
433, or 5>0.78 per cent, were of negroes, and 44, or 'd.'I'l per 
cent, of mixed races. Of the latter, one Avas an Indian groom 
and negro bride, one an Italian groom and negro bride, one a 
neoro gfroom and Indian bride, and 41 neoro grooms and white 
brides. 

In 1902, the ajrarejiate number of marriages Avas 451, of Avhich 
408, or i)0.47 })er cent, Avere of negroes, and 43, or 1).53 per 
cent, of mixed races. Of the latter, one Avas a Chinese groom 
and negro bride, six Avere Avhite grooms and negro brides, and 
36 Avere neo-ro otooiiis and Avhite brides. The mixed marriages 
decreased eight in 1901, and nine in 1902, as com})ai-ed Avith 
1900, and decreased one in 1902 as compared Avith the previous 
year. 

^lore than one-half of the niurriages occurred in the cities 
of Boston and Cambridge in which 48.41 per cent of the negro 



2(14 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



po})ulation of tlu' State resided, and the majority of the mixed 
marriaii'es occurred in the .same citie.s in each of the years. 

For statistics relatini^- to the deaths of negroes in Massachu- 
setts Ave are enabled to pn-sent comparisons taken from tlie 
United States Censuses of LSSO, 1,S!)0, and 1900. The first 
ta1)h' shov;s the number of deaths of colored persons for the 
thi'ee Census y(>ars. The figures given include Chinese, Japan- 
ese, and Indians, but the}^ are of such relatively slight impor- 
tance numerically as to warrant the assunn)tion that the data 
may be considered as referring exclusively to negroes. 

Deaths: 1880, 1890, and 1900. 





JiALES 


Fejlalks 


Ar,E Periods. 
















1880* 


1890* 


1900* 


1880* 


1890* 


1900* 


All A<:i;s. 


231 


325 


3()7 


198 


305 


328 


Under 1 year, .... 


74 


7'.i 


68 


46 


64 


63 


1 year 


24 


36 


24 


23 


2;i 


17 


2 years, 


9 


5 


13 j 


8 


1 


13 


.S years, 





2 


'^ i 


I 


;• 


6 


4 years, 


3 


3 


4 1 

1 


') 


3 


6 


Under 5 years 


115 


125 


117 ! 


86 


112 


105 


5 to 9 years, .... 


10 


10 


13 j 


6 


17 


10 


10 to 14 year.s, .... 


_ 


10 


•' 1 


5 


12 


9 


l.i to 19 years 


5 


13 


12 


8 


17 


10 


•20 to 24 years, .... 


<) 


21 


IS 


13 


IS 


25 


25 to 29 years, .... 


12 


12 


24 


12 


11 


24 


.30 to 34 years 


s 


24 


30 


i 


~ 


17 


3.1 to 39 years 


15 


15 


24 


,s 


14 


15 


40 to 44 years, .... 


9 


1(! 


.17 


s 


11 


18 


4.T to 49 years, .... 


5 


19 


18 


4 


15 


24 


.')() to .54 years 


6 


i 


22 


3 


15 


14 


ah to .59 years 


7 


is 


17 


5 


6 


12 


60 to 04 years, .... 


7 


5 


15 


■> 


12 


4 


65 to •)') years, .... 


,s 


s 


9 


6 


6 


11 


70 to 74 years, .... 


.5 


il 


10 


.5 


6 


8 


75 to 79 vcars, .... 





1 


5 


5 


7 


6 


80 to S4 "years, .... 


- 


•> 


4 


4 


11 


8 


S5 to SO years, .... 


1 


•i 


2 


3 


.> 


3 


!K) to 94 years, .... 


1 


•2 


_ 


5 


4 


4 


95 years ami over, 


•> 


_ 


1 


3 


1 


1 


Unknown 


- 


- 


4 




- 





* Includes Chinese, Japanese, ami Indians. 

The aggregate number of deaths in 1S(S() was 33, 14i), of which 
32,720 were Avhites, 420 negroes, and nine Indians. In 1<S<)0, 
the total numl)er of deaths was 45,112, made up of 44,482 
whites and (J.'U) colored. In lilOO, the total deaths numbered 
49,756, including 49,0(51 whites and 695 colored. 

The following table shows the death rates \n'V thousand of 
total male population, white and colored, for 1880, l'S90, and 
1900: 



No. 15.] THE XECiRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



21;,') 



Death Rates per 1^000 of Total Male Population, White and Colored . 

1880, 1890, and WOO. 





White 


Colored* 


Age Pekious. 
















1880 


1890 


1900 


1880 


1800 


1900 


All Ages. 


19.06 


20.84 


18.. 53 


24.41 


26.86 


19.42 


Uuder 1 vear 


213.98 


242.67 


176.. 58 


286.82 


276.22 


184.28 


1 vear, 


58.94 


76.41 


45.35 


1,50.94 


283.46 


87.59 


2 \ears, 


29.26 


23.39 


18.97 


41.67 


23.26 


42.:i5 


3 vears, 


21.39 


15.80 


13.33 


25.64 


9.26 


27.40 


4 years, 


16.05 


13.76 


8.66 


15.00 


16.48 


14.39 


Uuder 5 years, .... 


69.14 


80.13 


59.33 


111.87 


126.65 


79.16 


5 to 9 years, .... 


7.88 


7.50 


4.73 


11.. 53 


10.36 


11.02 


10 to 14 years, .... 


3.40 


4.01 


2.67 


- 


11.12 


4.69 


15 to 19 years, .... 


5.43 


6.05 


4.. 57 


7.46 


13.10 


)r,.)^ 


20 to 24 years 


8.23 


8.46 


7.17 


9.48 


15.06 


8.49 


25 to 29 years, .... 


8.35 


9.51 


7.62 


10.99 


8.14 


9.62 


.30 to 34 years 


8.82 


9.97 


8.76 


7.84 


1 9.. 54 


13.06 


35 to 39 years, .... 


10. ,53 


11.15 


9.70 


16.82 


13.48 


11.61 


40 to 44 years, .... 


9.92 


12., 50 


10.46 


14.52 


16.91 


11.48 


45 to 49 years 


12.69 


14.89 


14.28 


11.49 


26.61 


15.85 


.50 to 54 years, .... 


13.91 


19.27 


18.50 


17.05 


14.99 


25.82 


55 to 59 vears, .... 


21.03 


25.76 


26.78 


29.17 


6:^.38 


36.80 


60 to 64 vears, .... 


28.22 


31.60 


35.. 56 


31.67 


22.12 


48.70 


65 to 69 vears 


43.69 


48.10 


53.60 


59.26 


56. :m 


48.39 


70 to 74 Vears 


61. ,52 


65.55 


78.05 


60.24 


94.74 


;«).(i'.i 


75 to 79 rears 


99.62 


104., 59 


117.74 


1,39.. 53 


1.32.08 


63.29 


80 to 84 years, .... 


151.78 


142.83 


170.(58 


1 


68.97 


1.37.93 


85 to 89 years, .... 


237.18 


235.. 52 


251.79 


111.11 


222.22 


111.11 


90 years and over, . 


298.. 55 


280.00 


372.38 


272.73 


400.00 


250.00 


Unknown, 


~ 


21.. 36 


10., 55 


' 


" 


23.81 



* Includes Chinese, .Japanese, and Indians. 



The next table show.s the death rates per thousand of total 
female population, both white and eolored, for the same Census 



years. 



Death Rates per 1 ,000 of Total Female Population, Wiite and Colored . 

1880, 1890, and 1900. 





White 


Colored* 


Age Periods. 


1880 


1890 


1900 


1880 


1890 


1900 


ALL Ages. 

Under 1 year, .... 

1 year, 

2 years 

3 years, 

4 years, 

Under 5 years 

5 to 9 years 

10 to 14 years, .... 
15 to 19 vears, .... 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years, . . . . 


18.07 

172.26 
.54.44 

28.47 
21.30 
17.00 

59.57 

8. .54 
3.75 
7.16 
9.21 
9.67 
9.99 


19.36 

205.22 
72.82 
24.17 
15.42 
13.76 

69.57 

7.49 
4.21 
6.43 

7.85 
9.14 

9.88 


16.94 

142., 54 

40.42 

18.13 

11.61 

9.35 

49.03 

4.42 
3.i4 

4.60 
5., 58 
6.94 
8.03 


20.12 

176. i>2 

136.09 

37., 56 

36.46 

9.09 

81.. 59 

6.40 

6.77 

10.01 

11.27 

10.42 

7.87 


26.. 59 

273., 50 

189.. 54 

28. '.(3 

42.45 

14.85 

109.91 

16.93 
12.47 
10.25 
14.17 
11. ,34 
6.67 


19. w; 

160.71 
,57.05 
40.88 
20.07 
20.83 

67.48 

7.42 

7.40 

6.93 

11.28 

11.37 

11.58 



* Includes Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 



2»iii 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Death Rates per 1,000 of Total Female Population, White and Colored . 
18S0, 1890, and 1900 — Conc\ude(\. 



AOE Pbbiods. 



White 



1880 



1890 



All Ages— Cou. 



35 to 39 years, . 

40 to 44 years, . 

45 to 49 years, . 

50 to 54 years, . 

55 to 59 years, . 

60 to 64 years, . 

85 to H9 years, . 

70 to 74 years, . 

75 to 79 years, . 

80 to 84 years, . 

85 to 89 years, . 
90 years' and ovt"r, 
Uuknown, . 



10.85 

10.33 

11.84 

13.11 

19.23 

•23.00 

38. -23 

.'iO.94 

83.79 

122. .57 

196.31 

268.69 



11.02 

12.01 

13.85 

15.99 

22.33 

28.37 

41.40 

57.86 

87.27 

134.08 

215.30 

298.55 

21.75 



1900 



8-.6;i 

10.29 

12.09 

17-12 

23.81 

30.67 

46.23 

68.. 58 

104.22 

1.51.16 

228.. 51 

3,51.76 

16.25 



COLOEKD * 



1880 1890 



10.35 

14.16 

9.26 

6.85 

18.87 

8.23 

40.27 

4S.54 

74.63 

74.07 

142.86 

t 



13.97 
13.91 
24.27 
35.21 
21.05 
50.42 
32.26 
,51.28 
93.33 

214.29 
68.97 

277.78 



1900 



11.02 

17.22 

28.37 

20.35 

28.30 

12.31 

.54,46 

,53.33 

,57,69 

1.50,94 

103.45 

333.33 



* Includes Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 

t I'oinilation of this age period reported as five, deatlis eight. 

For the yoiirs 1890 and liJOO, the death rates per thousand 
for those under one year are based upon the number of births 
foi- those years. For 1880, they are necessaril}^ based upon 
tlie population of the same age, births not being presented 
separately by color for that Census. 

It will be noted that in each year the death rates for males 
under one year of ao-e were i^reater amono^ the colored than the 
whites. This is generally true for all the age periods as well 
for females as for males. In some instances the death rates for 
colored females exceed those for colored males. The death rates 
for all })ersons and all colors and races were, in 1880, 18.o!> per 
thousand; in 1890, 20.15 per thousand; and in 1900, 17.74 
})er thousand. Comparing these figures with those shown in 
the tables for males and females, white and colored, we note 
that the rate for white females only is lower than the general 
av'crage in each year. 

For the 37 cities and towns, containing 84.23 per cent of the 
negro population in 1900, and for which the number of births 
and marriages has already been given, we present the corre- 
sponding figures for deaths. The first table gives the totals 
for each city and town. 



No. 15.] THE XK(ai() IX MASSACHUSETTS. 



■2i\: 



Deaths of Negroes : 1 900-1 902. 





1»00 


lOOl 


1002 


Cities and Towns. 












1 




( 






Males 


Fe- 


Both 


IVItilcs 


Ke- 


Both 


Males 


Fe- 


Both 






males 


Sexes 




malcs 


Sexes 




males 


Sexes 


Amherst, .... 


2 


2 


4 


3 


4 


7 


1 


5 


6 


Attleboroimli, . 


1 


2 


3 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3 


3 


Boston, ■; . . . 


*209 


tl57 


366 


181 


147 


328 


180 


157 


337 


Brockton, 


1 


1 


2 


5 


5 


10 


1 


1 


2 


Brookliue, .... 


- 


1 


1 


2 


2 


4 


1 


1 


2 


Cambridue, . 


51 


73 


124 


55 


58 


113 


42 


,'-)4 


96 


Chelsea, .... 


5 


3 


8 


7 


4 


11 


.') 


5 


10 


Everett, .... 


7 


7 


14 


9 


7 


16 


10 


12 


22 


Fall Rivek, . 


3 


5 


8 


3 


2 


5 


4 


2 


6 


Great Barriniitoii, . 


- 


3 


3 


2 


•> 


4 


- 


3 


3 ■ 


Haverhill, . 


6 


3 


9 


1 


4 


5 


t« 


5 


11 


Hyde Park, 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


1 




- 1 


- 


Lawrence, 


6 


1 


1 


- 


- 


- 


O 


4 


6 


Lee, 


I 2 


3 





1 


1 


2 


.3 


- 


3 


I^enox, . . . . 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Lowell 


2 


- 


'2 


1 


- 


1 


1 


2 


3 


Lynn, . . . . 


2 


9 


11 


11 


7 


18 


9 


15 


24 


Malden, . . . . 


6 


1 


7 


5 


6 


11 


4 


5 


9 


]>[EDF0K1), 


- 


3 


3 


4 


- 


4 


- 


4 


4 


Melrose 


_ 


1 


1 


2 


3 


5 


- 


1 


1 


New Bedford, 


24 


24 


48 


29 


32 


61 


21 


27 


48 


Newburypokt, 


4 


1 


5 


4 


1 


5 


3 


2 


5 


Newton, . . . . 


5 


O 


i 


•2 


i 


9 


5 


6 


11 


North Adams, 


1 •> 


i 


3 


i 


- 


1 


1 


- 


1 


Northampton, 


1 3 


i> 


5 


3 


- 


3 


1 


1 


.) 


PITTSFIELD, . 


11 


4 


15 


3 


. i> 


8 


i 


4 


11 


Plymouth, . . . . 


1 


1 


2 


- 


1 


1 


- 


- 


- 


Salem 


2 


2 


4 


- 


2 


2 


1 


2 


3 


Somerville, . 


- 


- 


- 


1 


2 


3 


6 


5 


11 


Springfield, . 


10 


11 


21 


11 


15 


26 


21 


12 


33 


Stockbridge, 


- 


4 


4 


1 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


Taunton, . . . . 


_ 


1 


1 


1 


- 


1 


- 


1 


1 


Wareham 


_ 


_ 


- 


3 


- 


3 


4 


2 


6 


AVilliamstown, . 


1 


• 1 


2 


- 


2 


2 


1 


1 


2 


Winchester, 


1 


2 


3 


1 


2 


3 


1 


- 


1 


WOBURN, . . . . 


6 


4 


10 


3 


.3 


6 


3 


2 


5 


Worcester, . 


IG 


20 


3fi 


11 


S 


19 


13 


6 


19 


Totals, 


389 


.355 


744 


366 


333 


699 


357 


350 


707 



* Includes 30 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 1 mixed. 
t Includes 1 Chinese, 1 mulatto, 1 mixed. 
\ Includes 2 nuilattoes. 

It will be observed that the aggregate number of deaths for 
1900 in these cities and towns exceeds the number as shown by 
the Census which covered all the cities and towns of the Com- 
monwealth, but this is accounted for by the fact that the Census 
year ended in June, while in the case of the city and town 
records the calendar year ending in December was taken. 
There were 744 deaths in 1900, (599 in 1901, and 707 in 1902, 
the largest number in each instance occurring in Boston. 

The next table of this series shows the total number of 
deaths in these cities and towns by age periods. 



'2{\S 



STATrSTT(\>=; OF LABOR. 

Dtaths of Negroes: 1900-1902. 



[Pub. Doc. 





1900 1 


1901 




laoa 




Agk Periods. 






















3VIales 


Fe- 


Both 


]yiales 


Fe- 


Both 


jVIaies 


Fe- 


Both 






males 


Sexes 




males 


Sexes 




males 


.Sexes 


Under 1 vear, . 


84 


79 


163 


79 


79 


158 


83 


64 


147 


1 to 4 vears, . 


49 


46 


95 


fy.^ 


41 


94 


50 


51 


101 


5 to y vears, . 


8 


9 


17 





10 


16 


10 


14 


24 


10 to 14 vears, . 


S 


10 


IS 


4 


5 


9 


5 


i 


12 


15 to in vears, . 


u 


17 


2S 


i 


15 


2-2 


6 


9 


15 


•JO to ->4 vears, . 


•i4 


IS 


42 


■21 


•24 


45 


28 


'24 


52 


•J5 to -Ji) vears, . 


'23 


IS 


41 


22 


■20 


42 


26 


21 


47 


») to S4 vears, . 


■21 


22 


43 


18 


13 


31 


19 


26 


45 


35 to 3!! vears, . 


2-2 


16 


38 


'21 


20 


41 


16 


i>.) 


3S 


40 to 44 vears, . 


27 


19 


46 


19 


10 


29 


16 


17 


33 


45 to 4!) vears, . 


20 


16 


36 


20 


12 


32 


15 


19 


34 


.'iO to 54 vears, . 


20 


16 


36 


30 


17 


47 


17 


16 


33 


."i5 to 5!t vears, . 


21 


9 


30 


15 


6 


21 


18 


•21 


39 


«;0 to 64 vears, . 


20 


10 


30 


19 


22 


41 


10 


8 


18 


65 to 69 vears, . 


11 


10 


21 


10 


14 


24 


9 


5 


14 


70 to 74 vears, . 


5 


17 


2-2 


11 


8 


19 


6 


5 


11 


75 to 79 vears, . 


5 


7 


12 


6 


7 


13 


13 


9 


•).) 


ISO to S4 vears, . 


6 


5 


11 


3 


2 


5 


5 


3 


8 


S5 to S9 vears. 


') 


i 


9 


1 


3 


4 


o 


5 


7 


90 to 94 vears. . 


1 


3 


4 


- 


3 


3 


_ 


1 


1 


95 vears and over, . 


*1 


1 


2 


_ 


•-} 


2 


_ 


l|3 


3 


ITiikiiown, .... 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


1 


3 




3 


Totals, 


t 389 


1355 


744 


366 


333 


699 


§3.57 


3.50 


7U7 



* 107 years. t Tneludes 30 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 1 mixed. 

X Includes 1 Chinese, 1 niiUatto, 1 mixed. § Includes i mulattoes. 
II 1 — 102 years, 11 months. 

In each year i\\o deaths were about one-half male and one- 
half female, the variations beini*; but fractional and sli<>:htlv in 
excess for the males. The lari>-est number of deaths for l)()th 
sexes is shown for those under five years of age. 

From the Census volumes for 1890 and 1900 we present a 
table showing the causes of death for the colored males and 
females. 

Causes of Death : 1S90, 1900. 



Causes of Death. 



1890* 



Males 



Measles, 

Scarlet fever 

Diphtlieria and croup, . 
Whoopinjr coiiiih, .... 
Mal.irial lever, .... 

Inllucn/.a, 

Typhoid fever 

Diarrheal diseases, 

(^o)isamplion, 

Cancer and tumor, 

Heart disease and dropsy, . 

I'neunionia, . . . " . 

Oiseases of tlie liver. 

Diseases of the nervous syst.'ni, 

Dise.'ises of the urin.ary oi-frans, . 

Affections connccti'd with prcunam 

Olda^e, 

Still-born 

Unknown 

All other causes 



Totals, 



3 
14 
82 

4 
32 
37 

1 
27 

10 



3 
79 



325 



Females 



9 
■21 
80 

5 
29 
27 

2 

2.3 

9 



67 



305 



1900* 



Males 



Females 



10 
4 

4 

5 

20 

86 

2 

i^ 
40 
3 
31 
15 

4 

2 
1V2 



367 



16 

71 

8 

30 



31 
15 
3 
5 



as 



* Includes Clunese, Japanese, and Indians. 



No. 15.] TIIK XKCJKO 1\ AI.VSS.VCIirsi^yiTS. 



2(;9 



Throat and lun<>- troubles seem to ailect the nci>Toes to a 
greater extent than other diseases. 'Phis point is brought out 
quite fully in the next table in which the colored persons are 
compared with white persons, both native and foreign born. 



Causes of Death : By Percentages. 1890,1000. 





Pbrckntages — 1890 


Percentages— 190O 








Native 






Native 
White, 
Native 
Parents 


Native 




Causks of Death. 


Col- 
ored * 


Native 
Wliito, 
Native 
Parents 


Wliite, One 
or Both Par- 
ents 
Foreign 


For- 
eign 
White 


Col- 
ored* 


White, One 

or Until I'ar- 

ents 

Foreipn 


F<>ri,Mj,'n 
Wliite 


Measles, 




0.21 


0.35 


0.09 


0.29 


0.36 


1.31 


0.18 


Scarlet lever, 


O.Ki 


0.46 


0.75 


0.08 


- 


0.74 


1.55 


0.12 


Diphtheria and croui). 


1.4:^ 


4.. 53 


8.95 


1.^9 


2.. 30 


2.17 


5.22 


0.43 


Whooping' couiili, 


1.9U 


0.68 


1..56 


0.12 


1.15 


0.60 


1..57 


0.08 


INIalarial fever, . 


0.64 


0.28 


0.16 


0.28 


- 


0.17 


0.12 


0.15 


Influenza, 


- 


_ 


_ 


- 


0.86 


3.00 


0.87 


2.69 


Tvphoid lever, . 


1.90 


1.40 


1.40 


3.17 


1.73 


1.22 


0.90 


1.83 


Diarrheal diseases, . 


.5.56 


6.33 


14.63 


3.72 


5.18 


6.18 


14.90 


2.59 


Consunijition, 


25.71 


9.95 


12.47 


19.25 


22.59 


6.82 


11.03 


14.45 


Cancer and tumor. 


1.43 


4.74 


0.03 


4.55 


1.44 


4.84 


1.09 


6.37 


Heart disease and 


















dropsv. 


9.68 


9.44 


2.83 


10.80 


8.34 


10.40 


3.70 


12.11 


Pneumonia, . 


10. 16 


8.25 


7.32 


11..52 


11.37 


9.66 


10.87 


11.48 


Diseases of the liver, . 


0.48 


1.(12 


0.47 


1.65 


0.43 


1.04 


0..52 


1..52 


Diseases of the ner- 


















vous svstem, . 


7.94 


14.62 


10.07 


9.95 


9.35 


14.76 


10.25 


11.91 


Diseases of the uri- 


















nary organs. 


3.02 


3.94 


1.31 


4.30 


4.32 


5.78 


2.44 


6.02 


Affections connected 


















with pregnancv, 


. 


0.51 


0.47 


1.13 


0.43 


0.43 


0.41 


0.94 


Old age, . ■. 


1.43 


3.74 


0.13 


4.43 


1.29 


4.73 


0.19 


4.62 


Still-born, 


4.60 


4.32 


8.25 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Unknown, . 


0.79 


1.25 


1.09 


1.20 


0..58 


0.83 


0.63 


0..59 


All other causes, 


23.17 


24.33 


27.16 


22.37 


28.35 


26.27 


32.4.3 


21.92 


Totals, 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


lOO.OO 


100.00 



* Includes Chinese, .Japanese, and Indians. 

In 1900, among the causes of death specitied, it is seen that 
the largest percentage against any single cause, 22.59, is for 
colored persons dying from consumption. Xo other nation- 
ality as given approaches this figure by over eight per cent, 
the next largest percentage (14.45) being found among foreign 
white. Of the deaths among native white persons having one 
or both parents foreign born, 14.00 per cent were caused by 
diarrheal diseases, and 14.70 per cent of the deaths of native 
white persons of native parents were caused l)y " diseases of 
the nervous system." 

We append, as a matter of record, the causes and number of 
deaths in 37 cities and towns for 1902 for negroes exclusively. 



L>7() 



STATISTTCJ^ OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 



Causes of Death in 37 Cities and Tokens. 



Causes of Death. 



1902 



Males 



Females 


Both Sexes 


5 


13 


- 


3 


8 


19 


5 


9 


3 


8 


8 


19 


14 


15 


6 


14 


55 


1-23 


3 


11 


5 
1 


• 'J 


1 


4 


10 


19 


6 


8 


•27 


66 


1-2 


•29 


1 


4 


o 


4 


.) 


6 


^ 


4 


9 


15 


1 


1 


11 


•20 


7 


13 


10 


12 


13 


•20 


4!) 


98 


8 


16 


- 


o 


•) 


11 


_ 


3 


6 


8 


5 


19 


4 





51 


69 



Awident, 

Alcoholism, .... 

Apoplexy 

HIoihI iioisdiiinjf, 
Hrighl's disi'iise, 

Brouchitis 

Cancer, ..... 

Cholera iut'antuin, 

Cousiimptioii 

Convulsions 

Oebilitj-, ..... 

Diarrhea 

Diphtheria, 

Diseases of the bowels, . 
Diseases of the brain, 
Diseases of the heart. 
Diseases of the kidneys, . 
Diseases of .the liver, 
Diseases of the spine. 
Diseases of the stomach, . 

Homicide, 

Marasmus, 

Measles 

Meningitis, 

Old age 

Paralysis, 

Peritonitis, 

Pneumonia, .... 
Premature t)irth. 

Smallpox, 

Still-born, 

Suicide, 

Typlioid fever 

Varioloid 

Whooping cough, 

Unknown or illdclineil causes. 

Totals, .... 



8 

3 

11 

4 

5 
11 
1 
8 
68 
8 
5 
3 
3 
9 
o 

39 

17 

3 

2 

4 
4 

(i 

9 
6 



49 

,5 
9 
3 
2 

14 
1 

18 



7117 



The causes of death In the al>()ve tabk^ are presented 
somewhat more in detail than those of the Census, but, as in 
the j)re\ ious ta])les, it is seen that consumption and pneumonia 
arc the ))rincipal causes, and that throat and luno- troubles 
are ])rimarily responsiWe for tlie death of both males and 
females. 

Education. 

Under a nearly jx^rfect s^'stem of instruction in Massachu- 
setts, education is pro\ idcd lor all children upon an eijual 
footinji;, no distinction in i'c<>ai'd to races or creeds beini>- made 
and no separate schools for negroes being maintained. 

Of the total p()i)ulati()n of school age in litOO, 382,236 were 
males and 31)4, 87 1 females. Of the males, 3,702, or 0.97 per 
cent, were negroes, and of the females, 4,294, or l.Oi) ]iercent, 
were nciifroes. Of the total number attendino; school in ISIK), 
99.09 j)er cent were white, 0.88 per cent were negro, and 0,03 



No. I.-).] TIIH NK(;K() in MASSAClil'SK'lTS. 



271 



per cent were Chinese, fFapanese, and Indians. In 11)00, 
91). 0() per cent were white, O.lH per eent were negro, und 
0.03 per eent were Cliinese, ,Iapanesc, and Indians. Of the 
aji'greo-ate nunil)er of colored children attendinii; school in 1S80, 
48.28 per cent were males and ")1.72 })er cent, females. In 
1890, of the total nuniher of negroes attending school, 17.0(! 
per cent were males and r)2. 94 per cent, females, and in 1900, 
47.84 per cent were males and r)2.(!() j)er ceiil, females. 

The following table shows school attendance by sex for the 
years 18:)0, ISr.O, 1S70, 1S90, and 1900 for both white and 

negro : 

School Attendance. 





School 


Population 


Percentages 


OF Increase 




Attkndance 


as Compared with 1M5U in — 


YKAiiS AND Sex. 


Wliite 


Negro ♦ 


White 


Negro 


School Attendance 


Population 








1 












White 


Negro 


White 1 Negro 


1850,* 


















Males, . 


11-2,210 


726 


484,093 


4,424 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Females, 


108,571 


713 


501,357 


4,640 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1860,* 


















Males, . 


T25,294 


800 


592,231 


4,469 


11.66 


10.19 


22.34 


1.02 


Females, . 


122,384 


815 


629,201 


5,133 


12.72 


14.31 


25.50 


lo.6:i 


1870, 


















Males, . 


143,779 


941 


696,925 


6,702 


28.13 


29.61 


43.97 


.51.49 


Females, 


141,755 


907 


746,231 


7,245 


30.. 56 


27.21 


48.84 


56.14 


18!(0, 


















Males, . 
Females, 


187,663 


1,571 


1,075,611 


10,879 


67.24 


116.39 


122.19 


145.91 


187,314 


1,767 


1,139,762 


11,265 


72.. 53 


147.83 


127.34 


142.78 


ISIOO, 


















Males, . 


230,440 


2,015 


1,348,578 


15,591 


105.36 


177.. 55 


178.58 


2.52.42 


Females, . 


233,475 


2,241 


1,421,186 


16,383 


115.04 


214.31 


183.47 


2,53.08 



* The flg-ures for 18.50 and 1860 inchule Chinese, .Tapanese, and Indians; those for ls70, 
1890, and 19(HI are for nejtroes only. 

The figures for school attendance for l.S.")0 and isr.O itulude 
Chinese, Japanese, and Indians, but those for the other years 
are for negroes only. The Chinese, Japanese, and Indians 
which were separately reported for IS 70 formed but 1.2 i)er 
cent of tlu^ total colored school attendance for that 3'ear, the 
number being but 28 out of a total of 1,.S71, so that for all 
practical purposes it may be considered that the figures t'ov the 
two earlier years are for negroes also. 

Confining our remarks to the year 1900, we find from the 
preceding table that the male population of negroes was 
15,591, the number having increased 252.42 i)er cent since 
1850. The school attendance of negro males in ll'OO was 
2,015, an increase of 177.55 per cent as compared with 1.S50. 
For females, the negro population shows an increase of 258.08 



272 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc, 



per cent since 1850 and school attendance an increase of 214.31 
per cent. For each year as shown in the table, except 1870, 
(ho percentage of increase in the school attendance of neoroes 
is greater for females than for males. 

Below is given by age periods the number of negroes of ])otli 
sexes attending school for the years 1890 and IHOO Avith per- 
eentaijes. 



Agk Periods. 



All A<iK.s. 



Uiuler 10 years, 
10 to 14 years, . 
15 years and ovei', 



Number 



1890 



3,338 

1,237 

1,5T(; 

525 



1900 



4,25r. ■ 

1,563 

1,S)6G 

727 



Percentages 



1890 



1 Of 1. 00 

37.06 
47.21 
15.73 



1900 



KW.OO 

36.73 
46.10 
17.08 



Of the total number of ncOToes attendinij school in 1900, 
30.78 per cent were under 10 years of age, 4(3.19 per cent, 10 
to 14 years, and 17.08 per cent, 1.5 years of age and oyer. It 
will be noted that as compared with 1890 the school attend- 
ance of those l.') years and oyer shows an increase from 1.5.73 
to 17.08 per cent. 

The next table shows the duration of the school attendance 
for the year 1S90 from less than one month to six months or 
more. 

School Attendance of Xef/roes : 1890. 



Age Pkriods 


Number of 


Neghoks Attending 
.School 


Percentages 


AND SKX. 


1 Montli 


2 to 3 


4 10.5 


C Montlis 


Totals 


I Month 


8 to 3 


4to.'> 


6 Months 




or less 


Montlis 


.Vloiitlis 


or ni.ire 




or less 


Months 


Months 


or more 


All I'eusons, 


204 


79 


91 


2,964 


3,338 


6.11 


2.37 


2.73 


88.79 


.Males, . 


Oil 


37 


43 


1,392 


1,571 


6.30 


2.35 


2.74 


88.61 


Females, 


105 


42 


48 


1,.572 


1,767 


5.94 


2.38 


2.72 


88.96 


Untlrr 10 i/fitrs, 


05 


46 


38 


1,0.58 


1,237 


7.68 


3.72 


3.07 


85.. 53 


Males, . 


44 


19 


17 


.503 


,583 


7.55 


3.26 


2.91 


86.28 


Kemales, 


51 


27 


21 


5.55 


6.54 


7.80 


4.13 


3.21 


84.86 


70 to 14 years. 


78 


14 


^\ 


1,441 


1,576 


4.95 


0.89 


2.73 


91.43 


Males, . 


34 


3 


.>.) 


68;^ 


742 


4.. 58 


0.40 


2.97 


92.05 


Females, 


44 


11 


21 


758 


834 


5.27 


1.32 


2.. 52 


<K).89 


16 years unit unr, . 


31 


19 


10 


465 


525 


5.91 


3.62 


l.SW 


88.. 57 


Males, . 


21 


15 


4 


206 


246 


8.. 54 


6.10 


1.62 


83.74 


Females, 


10 


4 


6 


259 


279 


3.. 59 


1.43 


2.15 


92.83 



In l'S90, out of a total school attendance of 3,338, ().ll })er 
cent attended school one month or less, 2.37 per cent fi-om 
two to tlii'ec^ months, 2.7."> iier cent from four to five months, 
and S.S.79 per cent, six months or more. For the age pei'iod 



No. 15.] TIIK NEGRO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 



278 



10 to 14 years, 91.43 per cent attended school six nioiilhs or 
more, while for the higher age period, 1.") years and over, 
88.57 per cent attended school for a shnilar length of time. 
A table for 1900 follows. 



School Attendance of Negroes : 1900. 





Number of 


Negroes Attending 




rEUCEXTAQKS 




Age Pkriods 






School 












AND Skx. 


I Month 


2 to 3 


4 to 5 


6 Months 




1 Month 


a to 3 


4to.'S 


6 Months 




or less 


Months 


Months 


or more 




or less 


Months 


Months 


or more 


ALL Persons, 


14 


5'2 


60 


4,130 


4,256 


0.33 


1.22 


1.41 


97. (H 


Males, . 


3 


29 


27 


1,956 


2,015 


0.15 


1.44 


1.34 


97.07 


Females, 


11 


23 


33 


2,174 


2,241 


0.49 


1.03 


1.47 


97.01 


Under 10 years, 


7 


27 


29 


1,500 


1,563 


0.45 


1.73 


1.85 


95.97 


Males, . 


•2 


12 


14 


723 


751 


0.27 


1.60 


1.86 


S)6.27 


Females, 


6 


15 


15 


1 1 i 


812 


0.61 


1.85 


1.85 


95.69 


1 to 14 years, 


5 


15 


20 


1,!)26 


1,966 


0.25 


0.76 


1.02 


97.97 


Males, . 


1 


11 


7 


905 


^24 


0.11 


1.19 


0.76 


97.94 


Females, 


4 


4 


13 


1,021 


1,042 


0.38 


0.38 


1.25 


97.99 


7.-> i/ear.i and urer, . 


o 


10 


11 


704 


727 


0.27 


1.38 


1.51 


96.84 


Males, . 


_ 


6 


6 


328 


340 


- 


1.77 


1.77 


9<i.46 


Females, 


o 


4 


5 


376 


387 


0.52 


1.03 


1.29 


97.16 



A much larger percentage of school attendance for six 
months or more is found in 1900 than was shown for 1H90 in 
all the age periods, the figures in the final column of the table 
showinsf conclusively that the school attendance in 1900 was 
of longer duration than that of the preceding decade. 

The next table shows for both white and negro the percent- 
ages of persons attending school in 1900 of the total number of 
persons of school age, namel}^ between the ages of five and 
20 years inclusive. 



Classification. 



Age Periods 



5 to 9 Years 1© to 14 Years 15 to 80 Years 



Negro, 

Native white, native parents, . 
Native white, foreign parents. 
Foreign white, .... 



61.7 
69.9 
68.2 
63.8 



89.3 
93.9 
92.2 
80.2 



19.8 

38.6 

23.0 

6.5 



Of the children five to nine years of age, the largest per- 
centao-e attendino; school, 69.9, is found among the native white 
with native parents. The native Avhite with foreign parents 
show a percentage of (38.2, the foreign white a percentage of 
63.8, and the negro in this age period a percentage of 61.7. 
For the age period 10 to 14 years, nearly 94 per cent of 
the native white as against 89 per cent of the negro attend 



274 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



school ; and for the higher age period, 1/) to 20, 38.6 per cent 
of llu' native white attend school as against 19.8 per cent of the 
negroes of the same age, while the foreign white children of 
this age period .show a school attendance of only 6.5 per cent. 

C^loselj connected with school attendance follows the matter 
of illiteracy. The term as considered by the United States 
Census concerns the abilit}' of each person 10 years of age and 
over to read and write in an}^ language ; that is to say, the test 
of literac}" is based upon one's ability to read and write not 
necessarily the English language but the language ordinarily 
spoken by the person enumerated. 

The total number of illiterates in Massachusetts in 1900 was 
134,043. Of these 97.22 per cent were white, 2.13 per cent 
were negro, and 0.65 per cent Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 
The following table shows b}' sex, for 1890 and 1900, the 
negro and white i)opulation of 10 jears of age and over, and 
the number of illiterates with percentages of illiterates of said 
population : 



Illiteracy of Negro and Wliite Pojndation. 



Classification. 



1890 



Jdiilea 



Females 



Both 
Sexes 



Negro population 10 yeai's of 

.ige and over 

niiterates, 

Per cent, 

Wliito poimlation 10 years of 
age ami over, .... 

lllitei'ateis, 

I'er cent 

Native white, native piirentrt. 
Illiterates, .... 
I'er cent, 

Native wliite, foreign i)arent8. 
Illiterates, . '. 
J'ereent, 

Foreign wliite. 

Illiterates, .... 

Per cent 



8,974 
1,100 
12. 32 



S7r>,917 

4,5,8:i'5 

5.28 

385,,5M 

0.;VJ 

lli;i,37!l 

2,42:{ 

1.25 

297,974 

41,l;i7 

1:5.81 



9,281 
1,501 
1(1.17 



943,095 

05,009 
0.90 

409,392 
1,955 
0.48 

205,134 

3,070 

1..50 

328,5(>9 

00,.578 

18.44 



1S,255 
2,607 
14.28 



1,820,012 

111,442 

0. 12 

794,9,50 
4,228 
0..53 

398,513 

5,499 

1.38 

G20,,543 

101,715 

10.23 



1900 



Males 



Females 



Both 
Sexes 



13,018 
1,207 
9.27 



1,081,343 

57,353 

5.30 

411,8.54 
2,200 
0..54 

277,002 

3,107 

1.12 

392,427 

,52,040 

13.20 



13,.5.55 
1,040 
12.14 



1,1.55,084 

72,908 

0.31 

4.35,4.57 
1,70(; 
0.39 

295,840 

3,720 

1.20 

424,381 

07,542 
15.92 



26,573 
2,853 
10.74 



2,237,027 

130,321 

5.83 

847,311 
3,912 
0.46 

572,908 

0,827 

1.19 

810,808 

119,.582 

14.64 



Considering the line for negroes, it is seen that illiterate 
males and females for 1900 constitute 9.27 and 12.14 per cent, 
respectively, of all the negro males and females 10 years of age 
and ()\ci' ill ihat year. The ])roportion of illiterate females is 
larger tliuii that of llic males in both 1890 and 1900, and the 
same fact is noted for each clement of the population with the 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX MA88A(TiUSETTS. 



275 



exception of the native white of imtive p!irentiiij:e for which 
the [xTceiitairc of illiterate males is sliiihtly in excess. 

The next table exhibits the nimiber ol' illitenite negroes by 
age periods and sex for 1870, 1880, 18!)0, and lOOO. 

lllittraci/: B;i A<je Periods. 



Years and Sex. 



Age Periods 



10 to 14 

Years 



1.3 to so 

Y'ears 



21 Years and 
Over 



Totals 



1870, 

Males, 

Females, . 
1880,* . 

Males, 

Females, . 
1890, 

Males, 

Females, . 
1900, 

Males, 

Females, . 



5!) 
29 
30 
31 
18 
13 
41 
20 
21 
30 
14 
If) 



223 
76 

147 
70 
37 
33 
99 
53 
46 

1.59 
93 
66 



1,866 
822 
1,044 
2,221 
941 
1,280 
2,467 
1,033 
1,434 

2,(;(;4 

1,100 
1,564 



2,148 
927 
1,221 
2,322 
9S«5 
1,326 
2,607 
1,106 
l,.^] 
2,S.-t} 
1,207 
1,646 



* Includes Chinese, .Japanese, and Indians. 

The 1870, 1890, and 1900 figures are for negroes only, those 
for 1880 include Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. Although, 
as shown by the table on page 232, the negro i)()pulation has 
doubled since 1870, it is to be noted that a corresponding pro- 
portion of illiteracy does not appear, the numerical increase in 
the number of illiterates being from 2,148 to 2,853, or about 
33 per cent. 

It may prove of interest to show the illiteracy found among 
the 8,335 negroes in the eight cities canvassed, as given on 
page 217. The facts, classified by occupations, are brought 
out in the following table : 

Illiterate Negroes : By Occupations. 







numbek of 
Illiterate Negroes 


Percentages 


Classes of Occupations. 


Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


Males 


Females 


Both 
Sexes 


Government, . 
Professional, . 
Domestic service. 
Personal service. 
Trade, 

Transportation, 
Agriculture, 
The Fisheries, . 
Manufactures, . 
Laborers, . 
Children at work, . 
Not gainful. 




1 

1 
33 
29 
14 
37 
3 
1 
24 
83 

21 


89 
133 

2 

1 

35 


1 

1 

122 

162 

14 

37 

3 

1 

26 

83 

1 

56 


0.40 
0.40 

13.36 

11.74 
5.67 

14.98 
1.22 
O.40 
9.72 

.33.61 

8.50 


34.2.3 
51.15 

0.77 

_ 

0..39 
13.46 


0.20 
0.20 

24.06 

31.St5 
2.76 
7..30 
0..59 
0.20 
5.13 

16.37 
0.20 

11.04 


TOTALS, 




247 


260 


507 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



27(> 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



The largest miiulx'r of illik'ratcs of both sexes, 284, or 56.01 
per cent, is found in the classes Domestic and Personal Ser- 
vice, Among the females in these two classes is found 34.23 
and 51.15 per cent of th(> illiteracy, respectively, while the 
classes shoM'ino- the lariiest percentaiie of illiteracy among the 
males are Laborers, 33.61 i)er cent, and Transportation, 14.08 
per cent. 

Oioiers/iip of Farms ami Homes. 

The value of property owned b}^ individual negroes cannot 
be ascertained with an}^ degree of accuracy, owing to the fact 
that in Massachusetts the assessors are not required to make 
distinction as to color or race. The only information obtain- 
able is from the Censuses of 1890 and 1900, and is shown in 
the following table : 



Ownership of Farms (dkI Homes. 



Classification. 



Totiil negro i)oiuil;itiou 

Negroes owning farms or homes, . 

Free, 

Encumbered, 

Unknown, 

Total white i)opulation, 

Whites owning farms or homes, . 

Free, . 

Encumljered, 

Unknown 

Total Inilian iiopulation, 

Uidians owning farms or liomes, . 

Free, . 

Eneumberert, 

Total Chinese anil Japanese population, . 
(Jliinese and .lajianese owning farms or 

homes, 

Free 

Encumbered, 

Aggregate, all races and colors, . 
Aggregate owning farms or homes. 

Free, 

Encumbered 

Unknown, 



1890 



Xiimber 



•22,144 

84« 
479 
369 

■2,-215,3-3 
174,133 
10SV271 

424 
65 
53 
12 

1,002 



1 

(i 

2,238,943 

175,053 

108,804 

66,249 



Percent- 
ages 



3.83 
56.49 
43.51 



7.86 
62.18 
37.82 



15.09 
81.54 
18.46 



0.70 
14.29 
85.71 

7.82 
6-2.15 
37.85 



1900 



Number 



31,974 

1,094 

468 

602 

24 

2,769,764 

204,936 

108,224 

92,877 

3,8;?o 

587 

86 

65 

21 

3,021 

11 

9 

2 

2,805,346 

206,127 

108,766 

93,502 

3,859 



Perreiit- 
aL'os 



3.42 
42.78 
55.03 

2.19 

7.40 
.52.81 
45.32 

1.87 

14.65 
75.. 5S 
24.42 



0.36 

81.82 
18.18 

7.35 

.52.77 
45.36 

1.87 



In 1890, 848 negroes, or 3.83 per cent of the total negro 
pojnilation of the State, owned farms or homes; 479, or 5(5.49 
])er eeiit, of these farms or homes were owned free, and 369, 
or 43.51 ])ei' cent, were eneiimbered. In 1900, 1,094 negroes, 
or 3.42 per cent oi' the total negro })()j)ulation of the State, 
owned their farms or homes ; 468, or 42.78 })er cent of these 
homes were owned free, 602, or 55.03 per cent, were encum- 



No. 15.] THE NKGKI) IX MASSAClirSKTTS. 



'Zi i 



bered, and for 24, or 2.19 per cent, the fliet of absolute owner- 
ship AV'as not definitely determined. Il nuiy })r()Vt' of" interest 
to make comi)aris()n with the other raees, and tlic fiiiiires are 
therefore given in the tahh' lor whites, Chinese and rlai)anes(', 
and Indians. 

In the next table, we show the facts of negro ownership 
and tenanc}^ for 1<S<)0 and 11)00 with the increases or decreases 
in the latter year as compared witii the former and percentages. 

Ownership and Tenancy of Homes. 



Classification. 



Number of 
Farms or Homks Owxkd 

OR HiRKD 



1890 



All Homes. 

Owned, 

Free, 

Encumbered, 

ITuknown, 
Hired, .... 
Unknown, . 

Farm Homes. 

Owned, 

Free, 

Encumbered, 

Unknown, 
Hired, .... 

Other Homes. 

Owned, 

Free, 

Encumbered, 

Unknown, 
Hired, .... 
Unknown, . 



848 
479 
369 

3,954 



108 

75 
.50 
25 

33 



4,694 

773 
4-2!t 
344 

3,9-21 



1900 



C,88() 

1,094 

468 

602 

24 

5,:547 
439 



37 
33 

2 
19 

6,789 

1,02-2 

431 

569 

22 

5,328 
439 



Increase (+), or Ue- 

crease ( — ), in 1900 as coh- 

parkd with 1890 



Number 



Percentages 



+2,078 

+246 

—11 

+ 233 

+1,393 



-17 

—3 
—13 

+8 

—14 



+2,095 

+249 

+•2 

+225 

+1,407 



+43.27 

+29.00 

—2.30 

+63.14 

+:«.23 



—15.74 

—4.00 
—26.00 
+32.00 

—42.42 



+44.6;} 

+32.21 

+0.47 

+65.41 

+35.88 



An increase in the total number of ftirms and homes OAvned 
by negroes in 1900 as compared with 1890 of 48.27 percent 
is shown. It is evident that this increase is in homes discon- 
nected with farms, for the latter show a decrease of 15.74 per 
cent in 10 years. The farm homes show^ a decrease not only 
in total number but in the number that are owned free, and an 
increase of 32 per cent appears in farm homes that are en- 
cumbered. For the other homes, namely, those disconnected 
wnth ftirms, an increase in the number owned free of 0.47 per 
cent is shown, and an increase of 65.41 per cent appears in 
those that are encumbered. 



278 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



C/niir/ies, Social Organization)^^ etc. 
The rc])()rt relating to the subject of churches for 1900 has 
not as A'et been issued bv the United States Bureau of the 
Census, and the latest published statistics as to their luuuber, 
value of proi)erty, and attendance are for the Census year ISKO, 
from which report, in the absence of more recent data, the 
followino- facts are taken : 

The African Methodist K})iscopal Church in Massachusetts 
had, in that year, 12 organizations occupying 11 church edi- 
fices and one hall. The estimated seating capacity of the 
churches was 5,950, and of the hall, 75. The value of church 
property was $119,200, and the number of communicants or 
members was 1,342. 

In 1890, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 
mimbered seven organizations with 724 members. They oc- 
cupied six church edifices with an estimated seating capacity 
of 2,050, and one hall which seated 75 persons. The value of 
church property was given as $58,800. 

Below we reproduce from })ublications of the different 
churches such recent data as are obtainable regarding the 
churches for negroes in Massachusetts. No attem})t has been 
made to edit the statistics or correct some evident mathematical 
errors, the information being printed as returned in the various 
re})orts. 

The first table is taken from the Journal of Proceedings of 
the FitU'-first Session of the New England Annual Conference 
of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, held in Boston, 
June 4-10, 1902, the information covering churches and mis- 
sions in the following places : Boston, Cambridgeport, Chelsea, 
T^ynn, Fall Kiver, Plymouth, AVorcester, Lee and Lenox, 
Springfield, ^aw Bedford, Pittsfield, Plain ville, Woburn, 
Cottage City, Charlestown, and Sharon. 

African Methodist Episcopal CImrch — Massachusetts. 1902. 



Classification. 


Number 

and 
Amounts 


Classification. 


Number 

and 
Amounts 


Number of churclics, . 
Seiitini? ciipiu'ity, .... 
Nuniher of jmrsoniiges, 
Full membership 


i) 
4,720 

4 
1,094 


Number of conversions, 
Accessions to full nienitjership, . 
I'robationers, . . . . 
Exhorters, 


177. 
152 

84 
2 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IX .MASSACHUSETTS. 



279 



African Methodist Episcojml Church — Massachusetts. 1002 

— Concliuli'd. 





Number 




Number 


Classification. 


and 


Ola.ssification. 


11 nd 




Amounts 




AniiiiiiiiH 


Number of baptisnis, . 


84 


Number of Suiidav kcIkkiIs, 


13 


marriages, . 


M 


(llVicers 


76 


deaths, 


4(i 


Teachers 


73 


expulsions, 


8 


Pupils, 


821 


Local preachers, . . . . 


14 


Conversions, 


39 


Value of church property, . 


$i(;;),4()0.()0 


Books in library, .... 


1,872 


Indebtedness 


*-2i,(;i-2.3a 


Bibles, 


342 


Collections for all purposes, 


!fl0,;-{92.65 


Hymn books, 


(105 


Collected for conventional and 




Les.son helps taken (juarterly, . 


782 


general purposes. 


$75.49 


Missionary societies, . 


2 


Dollar monej', . . . . 


$619.00 


Temperance societies. . 


•> 


Church extension. 


$2.00 


Collected for support of Sundav 




Current expenses. 


$3,484.35 


schools, 


$.5SS.45 


Charitable purposes, . 


$311.04 


^ For mission fund. 


$16. 00 


Loans and donations, . 


$30.00 


Educational fund, . 


$.30.00 


Mite missionary boxes. 


$5.00 


Sunday .school union. 


$3.00 


Minute money 


$14.00 


Church extension, . 


$2.. 50 


Sunday school union, . 


$10.09 


Total collected by Sundav 




P. H. and F. mission fund. 


$29.00 


scliools, 


$397.88 


Easter day, 


$68.45 


Value of Sunday school prop 




Endowment da V, . . . . 


$22.40 


ert\- 


$1,380.00 


I'ayne Theological .School, . 


$26.00 


IndelHedness 


.$97.41 


Otlier educational monev, . 


$75.00 


Balance in Sunday school treas- 




Contingent money. 


$111.57 


ury, 


$43.78 


Allen Day 


$24.29 


Number of missionary societies, 


6 


Episcopal residence, . 


$18.80 


Auxiliary societies, 


19 


Pastors' salaries, . . . . 


$5,288.29 


Senior C. E. societies, . 


6 


Presiding elder's support, . 


$454.41 


Junior C. E. societies, . 


5 


Repairs or purchases of church 




Reviews taken 


19 


property, 


$3,442.13 


Recorders taken, . . . . 


47 


T^alance, .Steward's treasury. 


$1.75 


Southern Recorders, . 


9 


Balance, Trustee's treasury. 


$79.85 


Voice of Missions, 


:w 



The next table, relating to the Zion churches, is taken from the 
minutes of the Fifty-ninth Annual Session of the New England 
Conference of the A. M. E. Zion Church, held at Bridgeport, 
Conn., May G-11, 1903, and includes churches in Boston, Cam- 
bridge, Great Barrington, Worcester, Clinton, Leomin.ster, 
New Bedford, Maiden, Attleborough, and Northampton. 



African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church — Massachusetts. 1903. 



Classification. 



Number of churches, . 

Probable value, . . . . 
Number of parsonages. 

Probable value, . . . . 
Value of other church property. 
Paid on mortgage, 
Paid on floating indebtedness, . 
Paid for repairs, . . . . 
Current expenses. 
Amount in treasury for building 

and repairing, . . . . 
Pastors' salaries, . . . . 
Presiding elder's salary, 
Amount raised on general fund, 
Special assessment, 



Number 

and 
Amounts 



6 

$43,000.00 

1 

$2,000.00 

$8,254.00 

$1,56.10 

S920.40 

$208.00 

$3,355.30 

$2,311.00 

$3,690.. 53 
$299.70 
$345.10 
$165.00 



Classification. 



Children's day, 

Ea,ster day 

Women's day. 

For the poor 

For charitalile i)urposes, 

For support of annual confer 

ence 

For other purposes. 

Total amount raised for all pur 

DO'^PB . • • • 

Balance in treasury for current 

expenses, .... 
Whole number of members, 
Incre.a.se over 1902, 
Number of conversions. 



Number 

and 
Amounts 



$94.51 

$40.15 

$1.(H) 

$161.72 

$114.87 

$18.0(> 
$1,50.00 

$10,405.79 

$257.08 
698 
105 



280 



STxVTISTlCS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church — Massachusetts. 1903 

— Concladed. 





Number 




Number 


Classification. 


and 


Classification. 


and 




Amounts 




Amounts 


Received on probation, 


00 


Amount raised for mission 




I'robatioiHTS taken in lull con- 




schools, 


$,s.oo 


lU'ction 


ffi 


Number of V. V.. K. societies, . 


5 


Keceiveil l)v eerlilicale, 


XJ 


Active members 


246 


I.ocal preat'liers and exliorters, 


!» 


Associate memljers. 


32 


Local ( ;eacons ami elders, . 


1 


Honorary members. 


5 


In liaptised cliildren's classes, . 


111 


Active and honorary members 




Number ol v>rol)ationers, . 


35 


not members of church, . 


27 


Dismissed bv certilicate, . 


.') 


Number of junior societies. 


O 


Number witlidrawii, . 


1 


Members, 


75 


Nnml)er of deaths, 


17 


Whole numlier in senior and 




Children baptised. 


'29 


.lunior, 


301 


Adults baptised, .... 


6 


Increase over 1902, 


41 


Number of Sunday schools, 


7 


Amount raised bv senior and 




olHcers, . 


SO 


junior societies, .... 


$86.22 


scholars. 


553 


For missions, .... 


$14.. 50 


Number in Sundaj- schools. 


626 


Sent treasurer of union. 


$12.00 


Increase over 190-2, 


»1 


Numlier of W. II. and F. M. so- 




onicers and teachers who are 




cieties, 


1 


church members, 


89 


Number of active members. 


5 


Number of the school converted. 


24 


Amount raised, .... 


$24.. 50 


Sermons pi-eached bv pastor to 




Amount sent vice-president, 


$10.00 


S. S. children, .... 


23 


Amount sent mission board. 


$12.00 


Times catechised bv pastor. 


42 


Subscribers to Star of Zion, 


9 


Books in library, .... 


710 


Subscribers to Quarterly Review, 


7 


Lesson helps from publishing 




Subscribers to Varick Endeav- 




house, 


647 


orer, 

Subscribers to Zion Trumpet, . 


7 


Amount raised for S. S. purposes, 


$.■535.32 


3 



The next table relates to the Baptist churches for negroes, the 
inforiiuition being taken from the Baptist Year Book for 1902. 
The followino- arc the names of the churches and the date of 
organization : St. Paul, Boston, LSOo : Twelftli, Boston, 1845 ; 
Third, Springfield, 1872; Ebenezer, Boston, 1<S73 ; Calvary, 
Haverhill, 1874; Myrtle, West Newton, 1874; Union, Cam- 
bridge, 1871* ; John St., Worcester, 1885 ; St. John's, Woburn, 
1888; Union, New Bedford, 1895 ; Zion, Everett, 1895 ; Mes- 
siah, Brockton, 189.7; and Shiloh, West Bedford, 1898. 



Baptist Chnrrh — Massachusetts. 1902. 



Cla.ssification. 



Members in 1901, . 

Members in 1902, . 

Increase bv liaptism, . 
letter, 
exiierience, 
restoration, 

Total pain, 

DecTeaee by letter, 

exclusion, 
erasure, . 
death. 

Total loss, 



Number 

and 
Amounts 



2,08:i 

2,060 

.5(i 

27 

54 

57 

194 

13 

46 

6S 

32 

159 



Classification. 



Resident members, 
Male members, 
Sliiclcnls tor ministry,. 
Value of church proju^rly, 
Ex])euses of association, 

Expenses. 

Church, .... 
IJuildiiiK and repairs, . 
Sunday school expenses, 
Young l'eo|)le's society. 



Number 

and 
Amounts 



670 

379 

5 

?1.)S,79!.88 
$5.40 

$26,904.94 

12,002.48 

13,687.90 

891.74 

297.82 



No. I,-).] TllK NE(JRO IN MASSAClIUSKT'rS. 



2 -SI 



B((iifist Church — Mitssadm^ett^. 1902 — CoiicliKlpd. 





Number 




Niimhor 


Classificatkin. 


am) 


Plassification. 


mid 




Aminuits 




Aiiiiiiiiits 


liencrolciice. 


$-27,()47.3e 


/ienerofence — Con. 




Local cliavities, .... 


4'.>S..')7 


l'nlili<'alion society, 


$10.-.>5 


Mass. Haptisi. foiiNi'iilioii, . 


3{;.r.() 


Home missionary society, . 


•21.. {5 


Aged iiiiuisUM-s, .... 


2.00 


Woman's liomi' niibsion society, 


a.'26 


t-uarita))lo socictv, 


3.,')0 


Missionary union, 


5.50 


H. S. benevok'iict', .... 


7f<.I0 


\\ oniau's loreij?n mission so- 




Yoinisi rcoiile's socii'tv, 


57.17 


ciety, 


2.25 


PMiu-ational socii-tv, . 


•2.50 


Otiier ol)jccts 


87.00 


Newton Tlieolo.nical Inst., . 


4.50 







Among other independent ehiirehes, not reported in the 
Baptist Year Book, are the followin<r : 



Namf, of Society. 



Location 



Morning Star, . 
Calvary, 
Mount Olive, . 
Lake St. Chapel, 
Zion, . 
Centre St., 
Second, 



Boston, . 

Boston, . 

Cambridge, 

Lawrence, 

Lynn, 

Maiden, . 

Winchester, 



Members 
(Estimated) 



(iOO 
400 
525 
15 
42 
80 
56 



Value of Clnirch 
Property 



Rented 

$28,800 

*;io,ooo 
Rented 

S."),ooo 

Rented 



There are four ConiiTeoational Societies as follows : 



Indebted- 
ness 



$8,500 
$2,400 



■Name of Sociktt. 



Location 



Members 
(Estimated) 



Value of Cliurcli 
Property 



St. Mark's, 
Zion, . 
Second, 
St. John's, . 



Boston, . 
Haverhill, 
Pittsiield, 
Si>ringfield, 



(i5 

32 

28 

125 



Rented (hall) 
Rented (hall) 
$2,.500 

*$7,200 



Iiulelitrd- 
ness 



* $2,200 for parsonage. 

St. Augustine's Church, Boston, has opened Avithin the last 
four years two missions in the poorest sections of the South 
End, called St. Martin's House and St. Martin's ^Mission, for 
religious and educational work. They have several classes in 
industrial work, such as basket making, rug making, physical 
culture, sloyd work, etc. These classes meet evenings during 
the week and have been Avell attended, showing that the colored 
people are interested in the work. Certain evenings during the 
winter are set aside for socials, lectures, and concerts. The 
classes are open to colored men, women, and children, and are 
free of expense to them. 



282 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

St. AiiiiiLstino's Children's Farm was established July 10, 
lUOO, at Foxborouii'h, on the old Plartzell estate and covers 
about 180 acres of land. It was founded as a home for i)oor 
and neglected colored girls, also as a home for convalescents. 
The children are sent to the i)ublic school and receive training 
in housework at the farm. At the age of 14 or 15 years, they are 
given employment in ditferent fanulies and receive wages from 
$1 to $3 per week according to their ability. The house will 
acconunodate 12 in winter and 40 in sunmier, and is supported 
entirely by contril)utions. 

The following information has been supplied in regard to 
social and beneficiary organizations : 

Odd FeUowK. The first lodo-e was orjj-anized in the State in 
1846 and called the Ba^^ State. There are iiow 11) lodges with 
a total membership of 720. It is both a social and beneficial 
order with a sick and death benefit. Each lodije determines its 
own sick and death benefit, according to size and wealth. 

Household of Unth. An auxiliary order of the Odd Fellows 
for the wives of the meml)ers ; or^^anized about LSIiT. There 
are 12 lodges in Massachusetts with (i")0 members. The dues 
are 25 cents a month and death benefit of $50. Sick benefit 
of $4 a week for the first six weeks and |3 a week for the next 
six Aveeks. 

Fenude Benevolent Firm. This society was founded in 
1850, and is a beneficial organization, composed of 28 members. 
Benefits derived are, in case of sickness, $3 a week for five 
weeks and after that $2 a week for five weeks more; death 
benefit $25. Admission fee is $(S ; dues, 25 cents a month. 
Persons are eligible between the ages of 18 and 55 years. 

United Damjlders of Zion. This society was organized 
Nov. (i, 1845, and is the oldest organization of its kind among 
the colored people in Massachusetts. Its object is to encourage 
friendship, promote thrift, and provide for its members in case 
of sickness and death. Has about 35 members. Any person 
is eligible between the ages of IS and 50 years. The sick 
benefits are $3 a week for five weeks and $1.50 a week for five 
weeks thereafter. If, at the expiration of that time, the mem- 
ber is still in straitened circumstjinces, a sum is voted by the 
members. Death benefit is $25 ; dues are 25 cents a month. 



No. If).] TIIK XK(rR() IN MASSACHUSICTTS. ^S'^ 

Ijtdejjendenf Order of Sf. Luke. Fir.st lodiic in Massa- 
chusetts organized in IHOO ; j)urely a benevolent and social 
order. Three lodges in this State with 2()() members. Dues 
are 25 cents a month. Sick benetils of $4 a week for six- 
weeks, $3 for the next six weeks ; death benefit of $50, 

jSfational Grand United, Order of lirolJiius (iiid jSisters <>/ 
Love and Oharifi/. This is a beneficial and social ortU'r. 
The first lodge started May, 1(S()3, and there are now IHiO 
members. Both a death and sick benefit, d(>ath benefit of 
$100, sick benefit of $") for six consecutive weeks. Dues are 
25 cents a month. 

Maso)is. The first lodge of colored Masons established in 
this country received its charter in Boston, started with 15 
members, Sept. 1784, and was called the African Lodge. 
There are now 13 lodges in Massachusetts with a membership 
of 571. The Masons are mainly a social order, and the benefits 
are determined by the different lodges. 

T/te Womans Era Clah. Founded in Boston in 1892 by 
Mrs. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin who held the office of presi- 
dent for 10 consecutive years. Mrs. Xellie Gray was the first 
recording secretary and Mrs. F. Y. Ridley the first correspond- 
ing secretary. The object of the club is stated in its constitu- 
tion — Its object shall be the furtherance of the interests of the 
race generally and our women particularly ; not only through 
the collecting of facts which shall show our true position to the 
world ))V endeavoring to create sentiment against the proscrip- 
tion under which we suffer, and by co-operating to aid in our 
general advancement, but also to awaken in our women an 
active interest in the events of the day, and giving to them 
througli such an organization an opportunity of hearing and 
participating in the discussion of current topics. — The club 
meets twice a month, the first meeting is given up to business, 
the second meeting is literary and social. Lecturers on the 
vital ([uestions of the day speak for the members at their meet- 
in(TS. Joined ]Massachusetts State Federation of Women's 
Clubs in 1.S94 and the General Federation of Women's Clubs 
in 1900. The club has 60 members, many of whom are 
actively engaged in philanthropic and educational work aside 
from their club life. At the election in June, 1903, Mrs. 



284 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

II. C. Smith was elected president, Mrs. J. St. Pierre Ruffin, 
honorary president, Mrs. M. C. Simpson, recording secretary, 
Mrs. K. T. Moore, corresponding secretary, and Mrs. E. M. 
Cotten, treasurer. 

T//P Eufh Circle of Iiinf/s Daur/hters and Sons. Founded 
in l.Sit;] by Mrs. Lydia Oales of Philadelphia and Mrs. A. 
liatchelor. Its object is to develop spiritual life, and to 
stinmlatc christian activities. It has over one hundred mem- 
bers, Mrs, Charlotte K. France being the present president. 

The Lend a Hand (Jlrde of Kings Dangliters and Sons. 
Organized in 1<S89 by Mrs. II. C. Smith and has for its object 
especially the helping of the deserving poor. It has 25 
members, Mrs. II. C. Smith ])eing president since its in- 
ception, Mrs. G. G. Hawkins secrctar}^, and Mrs. J. O. 
Henson treasurer. 

The Dandelion Club of Boston . Organized in 181)8. It is 
an auxiliary to the Lend a Hand Circle and is composed of 
12 girls most of whom are pupils or graduates of the high 
and normal schools of Boston. Miss Clara A. Smith is the 
president, Miss Maude Prevoa secretary, and ]\Iiss Mattie 
Wigfall treasurer. 

aS7. Monica's Home. Established in 1888, on Phillips Street. 
Its starting point was the mission work amongst the colored 
people in the West End. Beginning with six ])cds, on Phillips 
Street, it remained there for three years, when it was moved to 
one of the oldest houses in Boston, at 45 Joy Street. The 
house has lo rooms, including the li\ing room of the Sisters, 
and has four wards, containing 11 beds. Only cases which 
will not be admitted to other hospitals arc taken here. Women 
and children only are admitted. Supported entirely by dona- 
tions and public subscriptions. 

The Young Men's Hducafional Aid, Association. Organ- 
ized in 18'.>7, and reorganized and chartered in 1902. The 
l)urpose of the association is j'or the mutual benefit of all, 
educationally, industrially, and morally. The old and sick 
who are in need are liel})ed ; worthy students who are strug- 
alino; for an education are assisted : and southern school work 
is aided. Along these lines the association endeavors to be 
useful. Afternoon meetings of a religious and literary nature 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 285 

are held every Sunday for the nionil and inteUectual elevation 
of the masses. Membership 40 ; a board of trustees of nine 
members ; also several honorary members. 

Church Expan^iiou Settlement Moveineut. This movement 
has been exploited principally in the press. Its expressed 
object was an attemi)t to solve the negro problem in the South 
by furnishing employment in the North for those who could be 
induced to emigrate. It was stated that 450 had been fur- 
nished with work between March and -July of 11»03, l)ut no 
authentic information regarding it could be obtained. 

Life Inmrance. In answer to the incjuiry "Is it true that 
negroes are not as a rule insured by insurance companies, 
under endowment or ordinary life policies, and that whenever 
they are insured it is only under most stringent conditions," 
the result of an investigation shows that there is no de,terniined 
discrimination of this kind and no reason why a colored man 
of o-ood habits and family history should not be insured as well 
as those of any other race or nationality. Generally speaking, 
however, insurance companies do not seek their patronage, 
since their lack of knowledge concerning their fiimilj^ histories 
and the liability of the race to pulmonary trouble makes them 
undesirable risks. Nevertheless, there are many negroes that 
have been insured by the regular companies. 

Trades Unions. There appears to he no discrimination 
shown by the trades unions in regard to meml)ership of the 
negro. Many constitutions expressly forbid any distinction 
as to race, color, or creed. Application was made to trades 
unions in the States as to their attitude, and the generally 
expressed opinion was that no discrimination was made. 

Trained Parses. In the field of trained nursing there are 
not many negroes, either male or female. There are none in 
the City Hospital, and none connected with the Nurses 
Club. Several applications to the latter have been received, 
but after examination were rejected. At the New England 
Hospital for Women and Children it was stated that they have 
only had on their list for the last five or six years for educa- 
tion and service about 16 applicants ; have none now. At the 
Nurse's Registration and Directory the statement was made 
that several applications had hecn made, but have now only 



286 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



two on their books who are Avell trained. At the other hos- 
pitals in the citj the general report was " Have had no colored 
nurses and no applications." 

Defective Social and Phy.'iical Conditions. 

The latest availa])le statistics covering the defective classes 
are those for the Census of 189'), the figures for the 1900 
Census not being pul^lished at the present writing. During 
the month of September, 1908, however, an investigation of the 
institutions of the State was made, and the number of male and 
female negro inmates was found to have been as follows : 

Negro Occupants of Bisfitutiovs, September, 1903. 



Name of iNSTiiunoN. 



Males 



Females Both Sexes 



Boston Almshouse, Lony Isljiiid, 

Boston Insane Hospital, 

Brockton City Farm 

Camljridge Almshouse, 

City Almshouse, Lawrence, 

City Farm, Haverhill 

Daiivers Insane Hospital, 

Fall River Almshouse, 

Friend Society, Salem 

Home for Aged Colored Women, Boston, 

Home for Friendless Women and Children, Springtield, 

Hospital Cottages for Children, Baldwinville, 

House of Mercy Hospital, Pittsfleld 

House of Reformation, Boston, 

Lyman School for Boys, Westborough 

Lynn Almshouse, 

Mass. Home for Intemperate AVonien, Boston, 

Mass. Hospital for Epileiitics, Monson, .... 

Mass. Infant Asylum, Boston, 

Medliclcl Insane'Asyhim, 

Middii'scx County Truant School, No. Chelmsfurd, 

New I'.edfoid Alnishouse, . 

New I'>edfor<l Home for the Aged, 

New Kn.uland Home for Little Wanderers, Boston, 
Norfolk, I'>rist()l, and Plymouth Countv Truanl Si IkkiI, 
Walpolc. . . ." . . . " . 

Norllianipton Insane Asylum, 

Parent.'il Scliool, Boston 

Pealioitvllonie for Crii>pled Children 

Pittslield Almslionse, 

Phminicr Farm Scliool of Reform for I'.oys, S;ilciii, 
Poor Karni, Charlestown, ....... 

Salem .Aliiisliousc, 

Scliool lor F»H'l)lt'-Mindc(l (Baldwinville), 

School lor Keeble-Miiidi'd (Waltham), .... 

Spriii^rlicM ( 'ity Almshouse, 

State .A liMshouse, Tcwksbiiry, 

State Kanii, I'.rid^^ewater (insane) 

State Farm, IJridtrewatei' (paupers) 

State hidiistrial Scliool for Girls, Lancaster, 

Taunton .XInisliouse, 

Taunton Insane Hospital, 

Westboiounh Insane Asylum, 

Woi'cestcr (dunty Tni.'iiit School, Oakdale, . 

Wonx'stcr 1 nsa lie Asylum. 

Worccstci Insane Hosjiitai, 

Boys jilaced out from the Lyman School, 
Dependent and ncfrlected children boarded oul, . 

Minor wards lioarded out, 

J'au|)ers boarded out 



TOTAL.S, 



3 


7 


10 


1 


5 


6 


1 


- 


1 


1 


1 


2 


1 


- 


1 


1 


- 


1 


4 


3 


i 


- 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


- 


IS 


18 


3 


1 


4 


_ 


2 


2 


1 


- 


1 


6 


- 


6 


k; 


- 


16 


1 


_ 


1 


- 


1 


1 


3 


4 

1! 


9 
9 


11 


11 


22 


4 


- 


4 


2 


.» 


4 


_ 


.> 


2 


- 


3 


3 


1 


_ 


1 


3 


3 


6 


5 


- 


^ 


1 


- 


1 


I 


- 


1 


1 


_ 


1 


_ 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


.') 


- 


5 


*,s 


('> 


14 


- 


1 


1 


IS 


l:i 


37 


•-'1 


- 


21 


•> 


- 


>> 


_ 


I.^i 


15 


1 


_ 


1 


12 


,~) 


17 


i; 


:^ 


11 


2 


- 


2 


(i 





12 


8 


.'■) 


13 


'JS 


- 


28 


31 


24 


.'55 


lis 


12S 


246 


• > 


- 


2 


{4(i 


2ST 


ti33 



Includes 3 liavin": .n white mother. 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIIUSEITS. 



287 



Separating the 633 persons into different defective classes uiul 
by conjugal condition, age periods, and place of" birth, we 
present the following table : 



Conjugal Condition, Ages, and Place 


of Birth 


of Defective Classes. 


Classification. 


Paupers 


Homeless 
Miuurs 


Epileptic 


Feelile- 
Miiulcd 


Insane 


Totals 


Both Sexes, .... 


80 


408 


9 


20 


116 


633 


Males, 




32 


222 


5 


14 


73 


346 


Females, . 




48 


186 


4 


(i 


43 


287 


Conjugal condition: 
Males, 


















32 


222 


5 


14 


73 


346 


Single, . 




13 


222 


4 


14 


54 


307 


Married, 




9 


- 


1 


- 


16 


26 


Widowed, . 




10 


- 


- 


- 


3 


13 


Females, . 




48 


186 


4 


6 


43 


287 


Single, . 




18 


186 


3 


6 


15 


228 


ISIarried, 




5 


- 


1 


- 


18 


24 


Widowed, . 




25 


- 


- 


- 


10 


35 


Ages: 
Males, 




32 


222 


5 


14 


73 


346 


Under 20 years, . 




- 


218 


2 


9 


1 


230 


20 to 49 years. 




11 


4 


2 


5 


.'iO 


72 


50 years and over. 




21 


- 


1 


- 


22 


44 


Females, . 




48 


186 


4 


6 


43 


287 


Under 20 years, . 




- 


186 


I 


4 


2 


193 


20 to 49 years, . 




16 


- 


3 


o 


26 


47 


50 years and over. 




32 


- 


- 


- 


15 


47 


Place of birth: 
















Males, 




32 


222 


5 


14 


73 


346 


Massachusetts, . 




7 


161 


4 


8 


25 


205 


Soutliern States, 




15 


20 


- 


2 


27 


64 


other United States, 




6 


35 


1 


4 


14 


60 


Foreign countries. 




4 


6 


- 


- 


7 


17 


Females, . 




48 


186 


4 


6 


43 


287 


Massachusetts, . 




16 


141 


3 


3 


12 


175 


Southern States, 




16 


18 


- 


1 


18 


53 


Other United States, 




10 


19 


1 


2 


4 


36 


Foreign countries, . 


6 


8 






9 


23 



Of the 346 males shown in the above table, 307 were single, 
26 married, and 13 Avidowed ; 230 were under 20 years of age, 
72, 20 to 49 years, and 44 were 50 years or over. There 
were 205 born in Massachusetts, 64 in the Southern States, 
60 in other United States, and 17 in foreign countries. Of 
the 287 females, 228 were single, 24 married, and 35 widowed. 
As to ages, 193 were under 20 years of age, 47, 20 to 
49 years, and 47 were 50 years and over. Considering the 
place of bu'th, 175 were born in Massachusetts, 53 in the 
Southern States, 36 in other states of the Union, and 23 in 
foreign countries. 

Of the 346 males, 32 were paupers, 222 homeless minors, 
five were epileptics, 14 feeble-minded, and 73 were insane. 
Of the 287 females, 48 were paupers, 186 homeless minors, 
four were epileptics, six feeble-minded, and 43 were msane. 



288 



STATISTK\S OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 



Ill this connection we reproduce from previous Censuses 
figures for negro paupers and homeless minors as follows : 



Classification. 



1870 



1880 



1890 



Paupers, 
lloiueless minors, 



73 



59 



The above figures represent the number of paupers and home- 
less minors found in institutions in the years 1870, 1880, and 
1890. Those shown in the table which follows for 1895 include 
not only inmates of institutions but those found boarding in 
private families, and are given by age periods for both negro 
and white : 

Paupers and Homeless Minors: 1895. 













— 


Paupers 


Homeless Minors 


Skx and Age Periods. 












Negro 


White 


Negro 


White 


Males. 


87 


5,542 


103 


3,166 


Under 1 year 


_ 


_ 


4 


40 


1 to 4 years, . 












- 


- 


13 


841 


5 to 9 years, . 












_ 


- 


27 


929 


10 to 14 years, . 












_ 


- 


42 


1,312 


15 to 19 years, . 












_ 


_ 


15 


519 


20 to 21 years, . 












_ 


- 


2 


17 


21 to 29 years, . 












21 


621 


_ 




30 to 39 years, . 












15 


1,009 


- 


_ 


40 to 49 years, . 












17 


1,049 


- 


- 


50 to 59 years, . 












8 


934 


_ 


_ 


60 to 79 years, . 












23 


l,.i89 


_ 


_ 


SO years and over. 












3 


324 


- 


_ 


Age unknown, . 












- 


16 


- 


8 


Females. 


79 


5,343 


61 


2,094 


Under 1 year, 


_ 


_ 


2 


52 


1 to 4 years, . 












_ 


_ 


8 


280 


5 to 9 years, . 












_ 


_ 


8 


671 


10 to 14 years, . 












_ 


- 


19 


694 


15 to 19 years, . 














- 


18 


355 


20 to 21 years, . 












_ 


_ 


3 


34 


21 to 29 years, . 












12 


.532 


- 


- 


30 to 39 years, . 












17 


8;i7 


- 


- 


40 to 49 years, . 












17 


1,037 


- 


- 


50 to 59 years, . 












7 


971 


- 


- 


60 to 79 years, . 












18 


1,,593 


- 


- 


80 years and over, 












6 


349 


- 


- 


Age unknown, . 












■> 


24 


3 


8 


Both Sexes 




16(; 


10,885 


l<i4 


5,260 


Tender 1 year, . 


. 


_ 


_ 


6 


92 


1 to 4 years, . 












_ 


_ 


21 


621 


5 to 9 years, . 












- 


_ 


35 


1,600 


10 to 14 years, . 












- 


- 


61 


2,006 


15 to 19 years, . 












_ 


_ 


33 


874 


20 to 21 years, . 












- 


- 


5 


51 


21 to 29 "years, . 












33 


l,l.'-)3 


- 


- 


30 to 39 years, . 












32 


l,84(i 


- 


- 


40 to 49 years, . 












34 


2,086 


- 


- 


50 to 59 years, . 












15 


1,!K)5 


_ 


- 


60 to 79 years, . 












41 


3,182 


_ 


- 


hO years and ovei'. 












9 


673 


_ 


_ 


Age unknown, . 












2 


40 


3 


16 



No. 15.] THE NE(iK() IX MASSACIirSF/lTS. 



289 



"Paupers" include those persons 21 years of age and over 
wholly or nuihily sujjported by pul)lio charity, and ''homeless 
minors" include all i^ersons under 21 years of age wholly or 
nuiinly supported by public charity. Both classes of pei-sons 
were found in jn-ivate families as well as in institutions. The 
number of paupers in 1895 was 11,054, of whom llUJ, or 1.50 
per cent, were negroes. There were in the same year 5,424 
homeless minors, of whom 1(!4, or ii.02 percent, were negroes. 

In the following table we present the figures showing the 
number of negroes in the defective classes from 1850 to 1890 : 

Number of Physically Defective: 1S50-1S90. 



Classification. 



1830 



1860 



1870 



1880 



1890 



Deaf, . 
Deaf and duinb, 
Blind, . 
Feeble-minded, 
Insane, . 



6 

5 

19 



5 

(i 

9 

•20 



IT 

7 

•20 



9 
33 
12 
41 



•29 
13 
•28 
3^2 
56 



The above table shows the number of defective negro persons 
found in the years mentioned. Below we show for the 3'ear 
1895 those found physically defective in that year. 



DefecU 


ve 


Physical Condit 


ions of Negroes: IS 95. 




Sex and Age Periods. 


Acute 
Diseases 


Chronic 
Diseases 


Maimed 


Lame 


Bed- 
ridden 


Paralytic 


Epileptic 


Males. 


15 


99 


21 


.52 


2 


11 


12 


Under 1 year, 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 to 4 years, 






- 


3 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


h to 9 years, 






1 


3 


- 


4 


1 


- 


- 


10 to 14 years. 








3 


- 


3 


- 


1 


4 


15 to 19 years. 






- 


3 


1 


1 


- 


1 


1 


•20 to ^29 years. 






5 


9 


4 


6 


1 


- 


6 


30 to 39 years. 






•2 


10 


i 




- 


1 


- 


40 to 49 years. 






.> 


12 




8 


- 


1 


- 


m to 59 years, 






4 


•24 


3 


13 


- 


3 


1 


60 to 79 years, 






1 


26 


4 


14 


- 


4 


- 


80 years and oyer. 






- 


5 


- 


— 


~ 


~ 


~ 


Age l^nkno^yn, 






- 


- 


- 


~ 


~ 


" 




Females. 


23 


73 


6 


35 


«> 


12 


6 


Under 1 year. 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 to 4 Tears, 






- 


- 


- 


1 


— 


1 


2 


5 to 9 years. 






- 


1 


1 


2 


— 


10 to 14 years, 






v> 


3 


1 





- 


2 


2 
1 


15 to 19 years, 






2 


4 


- 


1 


1 


1 


20 to '29 years. 






4 


9 


1 


3 


- 


30 to 39 years, 






4 


14 


1 


6 


— 


2 


~ 


40 to 49 years. 






4 


12 


- 


2 


- 


1 
1 


~ 


50 to 59 years. 






3 


14 


- 


5 


~ 


~ 


60 to 79 years, 






3 


16 


2 


S 


1 


2 

1 
1 


1 


80 years and over. 






1 


- 


- 


2 


~ 




Age unknown, . 




" 













290 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Defective Physical Conditions of Negroes : 1895— Continued. 



Sex and Age Periods. 



Acute Chronic Maimed 
Diseases Diseases 



^^"^-^^ mL iP^'-'^'ytic 



Epileptic 



Both Sexes 

Umier 1 year, 

1 to 4 years, 

5 to y years, 
10 to 14 years, 
15 to r.) years, 
20 to 2it years, 
30 to 39 years, 
40 to 49 years, 
50 to 59 "years, 
60 to 79 years, 
SO years and over, 
Age unknown. 



'S. 






38 


172 


27 


87 


4 


23 








- 


1 
3 


: 


2 


— 


_ 








1 


4 


1 


6 


1 


1 








.> 


{) 


1 


8 


- 


3 








o 


i 


1 


2 


1 


1 








9 


18 


5 


9 


1 


1 








(i 


24 


8 


8 


- 


3 








6 


•24 


2 


10 


- 


o 








7 


38 


3 


18 


- 


4 








4 


42 


6 


22 


1 


6 


> 






1 


5 


- 


o 


- 


1 








"" 


" 


~ 


" 


" 


1 



18 



Defective Physical Conditions of Negroes: 1895 — Concluded. 



8kx and Agk Pekiods. 



Males. 

Under 1 year, . 

1 to 4 years, . 

5 to 9 years, . 
10 to 14 years, . 
15 to 19 years, . 
20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, . 
50 to 59 years, . 
60 to 79 years, . 
80 years and over. 
Age unknown, 

Females. 

Under 1 year, . 

1 to 4 years, . 

5 to 9 years, . 
10 to 14 years, . 
15 to 19 years, . 
20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, . 
50 to 59 years, . 
60 to 79 years, . 
80 years and over, 
Age unknown, 

Both Sexes 

Under 1 year, . 

1 to 4 years, . 

5 to 9 years, . 
10 to 14 years, . 
15 to 19 years, . 
20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
4{t to 49 years, . 
50 to 59 years, . 
60 to 79 years, . 
80 years and over. 
Age unknown. 



Insane 



45 



13 
6 

13 
4 
9 



43 



(i 
12 
12 
5 
6 
o 



88 



19 
18 
25 

9 
15 

2 



Idiotic 



Deaf 



Deaf and 
Dumb 



Blind 



13 



21 



11 



10 
1 



32 



24 



1 
3 
11 
3 
1 

56 



2 
1 

5 
4 
8 
11 
17 
5 
1 



Other 

Defective 

Physical 

Conditions 



10 

1 
1 

1 



All persons arc presented who were found in institutions 
and in private families sulicring from acute diseases without 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 2!ll 

reirivrd to whether any or all of them were also lame, ixiralytic, 
blind, or otherwise atHicted ; or whether they were defective 
socialh/ (that is, prisoners, convicts, or homeless minors) as 
well as physically. A person with more than one (lefcctivc 
physical condition is considered in more than one column, and 
duplications necessarily occur for all i)ersons who were re- 
turned as having more than a single defect. Owing to these 
dui)licati()ns, the columns must be considered by themselves. 
While the aggregate of each represents correctl}" the number 
of persons afflicted with the particular defect to Avhich the 
column relates, the whole number of persons physically defec- 
tive in the State is, of course, materially less than the aggre- 
gate of the columns combined. 

Under the designation " lame" are included all persons who 
are crippled by natural deformities, by disease, or by accident, 
but who have not lost a limb or an organ, the persons thus 
excepted being included under the designation of " maimed." 

As indicating causes of poverty among certain races, we 
present a table of percentages based upon a tabulation of 7,225 
specific cases reported to the Associated Charities of Boston 
and other cities.* 

The table is in three sections, the lines numbered one, 
two, and three totalizing to one hundred, and the subdivisions 
thereunder adding to the percentage line of each section. The 
first section indicates poverty caused by misconduct and has 
details of five causes which resulted in the poverty of the 
persons considered ; the second indicates misfortune, Avith 
three main causes, each being subdivided into direct causes 
which could be classified under each head ; and third, miscel- 
laneous, or causes which were of a nature not readily classifi- 
able under either misconduct or misfortune. 



* Warner's American Charities, pp. 47, 48. 



292 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Causes of Poverty. 





Percentages 


Classitication. 


















Ameri- 
can 


Negro 


German 


Irish 


English 


All 
Other 


Totals 


1. I ndicatiug misconduct, . 


37.35 


13.76 


16.67 


30.43 


38.01 


18.64 


35.11 


Drink 


15. IH 


6.24 


7.75 


23.62 


16.93 


8.27 


15.28 


Immorality 


o.m 


0.92 


0.12 


0.27 


0.32 


0.30 


0.44 


!S li i f 1 1 e s"s n e s s and ineffi- 
















ciency, 


9.19 


5.69 


7.39 


5.78 


7.12 


7., 52 


7.52 


Crime and dishonesty, . 


0.74 


0.73 


0.47 


0.38 


1.11 


1.05 


0.68 


Roving disposition, 


1.63 


0.18 


O.M 


0.38 


2.. 53 


1.50 


1.19 


2. Indicating misfortune, 


69.58 


83.31 


78.64 


67.55 


69.46 


79.11 


72.03 


A. Lack of normal support, 


C.04 


4.06 


.5.17 


7.04 


0.33 


S.12 


6.32 


Imprisonment of bread- 
















winner, .... 


0.67 


0.37 


0.12 


1.20 


1.27 


0.60 


0.76 


Orphans and abandoned 
















children, 


0.37 


0.37 


- 


0.38 


0.63 


0.30 


0.35 


Neglected by relatives, . 


0.89 


1.28 


0.82 


0..3S 


1.27 


1.96 


0.91 


Noniale support, . 


4.11 


2.94 


4.23 


5.08 


3.16 


5.26 


4.. 30 


B. Matters of employment, . 
Lack of emp oyment, . 


33.40 


27.1.^ 


3S. 73 


26.14 


30. So 


3 4.. 50 


31.60 


•24.57 


17.43 


28.40 


18.88 


24.68 


25.87 


23.17 


Insufficient employ- 
















ment, .... 


6.64 


8.62 


7.51 


6.38 


4.75 


5.11 


6.52 


Poorly paid employ- 
















ment, .... 


2.08 


0.92 


2.58 


0.82 


1.42 


3.61 


1.81 


Unhealthy and danger- 
















ous employment, 
C. Matters or personal in- 


0.11 


0.18 


0.24 


0.06 


_ 


_ 


0.10 
















capacity. 


30.14 


,51.20 


34.74 


34.37 


32.28 


36.40 


34.11 


Ignorance of English, . 


- 


- 


0.47 


0.06 


- 


3.76 


0.42 


Accident 


2.67 


1.47 


3..V2 


3.11 


2.69 


3.46 


2.86 


Sickness or death in 
















family, .... 


20.31 


39.63 


22.65 


19.80 


22.94 


21.66 


22.27 


Physical defects, . 


3.41 


5.51 


4.70 


3.49 


1.74 


4., 51 


3.70 


Insanity, .... 


0.93 


- 


0.70 


0.93 


1.27 


0.90 


0.86 


Old age 


2.82 


4.59 


2.70 


6.98 


3.64 


2.11 


4.00 


3. Miscellaneous 


3.07 


3.93 


4.69 


2.03 


3.53 


8.35 


3.86 


Large family, .... 


0.52 


0.,')5 


1.17 


0.87 


0.79 


0.75 


0.73 


Nature of aliode. 


0.07 


0.18 


0.12 


0.06 


0.47 


0.15 


0.12 


Other, or unknown. 


2.48 


2.20 


3.40 


1.09 


1.27 


1.35 


2.01 



Confining our analysis to the column devoted to negroes, we 
find that, all causes considered, 13.76 per cent of the poverty 
was due to misconduct, 83.31 per cent to misfortune in some 
guise, and 2.93 per cent to unclassified causes. Of those indi- 
cating misconduct, nearly one-half were caused by drink. Of 
those indicating misfortune, about six-tenths were the result of 
matters of personal incapacity, and of these the greatest cause 
was ascribed to sickness or death in the family. 



Cr'ime. 
As in the case of defective conditions, there are no later 
figures published than those contained in the Decennial Census 
of 1895. ^riic following table, drawn from previous Censuses, 
shows the number of prisoners for 1870, 1880, and 1890. 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO L\ MASSACHUSETTS. 



■2%] 







Prisoners : 


1870-1890. 








Color and 


Race. 




1870 


1880 


I890 


White, 

Colored, 

Negroes 

Chinese 

Indians, 


2,387 
*139 


3,473 
103 
1(C2 

1 


5,057 

170 

161 

1 

8 



* Includes all colors except white; races not given prior to 1870. 

The next table shows for 1895 the number of prisoners and 
convicts. By " prisoners " are meant those persons who are 
awaiting trial for an alleged oftence ; held as witnesses ; serv- 
ing time in lieu of fines, etc. By " convicts " are meant those 
})ersons who have been tried, convicted, and sentenced to im- 
prisonment for a specified term, or to sufier the death penalty. 
For purposes of comparison, the figures for both white and negro 
are ffiven. 

Prisoners and Convicts: 1895. 



Sex and Age Pkkiods. 



Prisoners 



Negro 



Males. 

10 to 14 years, . 
15 to 19 years, . 
20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, . 
50 to 59 years, . 
60 to 79 years, . 
80 years and over, . 
Age unknown, . 

Females. 

15 to 19 years, . 

20 to 29 years, . 

30 to 39 years, . 

40 to 49 years, . 

50 to 59 years, . 

60 to 79 years, . 
80 years and over, . 

Both Sexes. 

10 to 14 years, . 
15 to 19 years, . 
20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, . 
50 to 59 years, . 
60 to 79 years, . 
80 years and over, . 
Age unknown, . 



10 

1(1 



31 

6 
12 
11 



White 



1,173 

o 

70 

400 

369 

207 

98 

27 



174 

1 
49 
69 
27 
22 

6 



1,347 

•) 

71 

449 

438 

234 

120 

33 



Negro 



Convicts 

■\Vliite 



180 

39 
73 
41 
22 
*5 



23 

3 

9 
8 
3 



203 

42 
82 
49 
25 
5 



5,018 

16 

544 

1,924 

1,288 

754 

364 

126 

1 

1 

820 

60 

303 

238 

136 

55 

27 

1 

5,838 

16 

604 

2,227 

1,526 

8'. Ml 

419 

153 

2 

1 



The total number of prisoners in 1895 was 1,878, of Avhom 
31, or 2.25 per cent, were negroes, and of convicts, (i,041, of 
whom 203, or 3.36 per cent, were negroes. 



294 



STATISTKVS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc, 



111 the following table we show the number of negroes, by 
SOX, committed * during the three years ending Sei)tember 30, 
1900, 1901, and 1902. The first section of "the table shows 
negroes born in Massachusetts, the proper method of reading 
it being as follows : In 1900, there were 197 males conmiitted, 
of Avhom 130 Avere single and 67 married. Of the single 
negroes, 31 were under 20 years of age, 92 were 20 but under 
50 3^ears, and seven were 50 years of age or over. Of the 
married, 63 were 20 but under 50 years of age, and four were 
50 years or over. Of the single persons, 20 were committed 
for crimes against the person, 45 for crimes against property, 
and 65 for crimes against public order, etc. The largest num- 
ber of commitments in each case was for those 20 but under 
50 years of age. Other lines and sections may be read in a 
similar manner. 



COMMITMENTS OF NEGROES : 1900-1902. 
Born in Maftsachusetfs. 





Single 


JlAERIED 


Aggregates 


Sex, Years, and 
Offenses. 


Under 
20 

years of 
age 


20 but 

under .50 

years 


50 

years 
and 
over 


Under 
20 

years of 
age 


[ 

20 but 

under 50 

years 


30 

years 
and 
over 


Single 


Mar- 
ried 


Males. 


















1900. 


31 


92 


7 


- 


63 


4 


130 


67 


Against the person, . 
Against property, 
Against pul)lic order, etc., 


.S 
21 

7 


17 
24 
51 


7 


: 


11 
19 
33 


1 
3 


20 
45 
65 


12 
19 
36 


190I. 


35 


100 


1 


2 


69 


7 


136 


78 


Against tlie i)erson, 
Against i)r<)i)ert>-, 
Against pulilic order, etc., 


6 
11) 
10 


15 
33 
52 


1 


1 
1 


12 
16 
41 


1 

6 


21 
.52 
63 


13 
17 

48 


1902. 


28 


81 


9 


- 


70 


9 


118 


79 


Against tiie person, 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., 


1 

20 


12 
26 
43 


9 


~ 


18 
15 
37 


2 


13 
46 
59 


20 
15 
44 


Fkmalks. 


















1900. 


1.5 


20 


- 


4 


27 


'> 


35 


33 


Against the person, . 
Against proi)erty, 
Against i)ul)]ic order, etc.. 


3 
12 


2 

f) 
12 


- 


4 


9 
18 


2 


2 

9 

24 


13 
20 


1901. 


3 


13 


3 


- 


19 


1 


19 


20 


Against the person, 
Against iiroperty, 
Against piiljlic onler, etc.. 


3 


1 
4 

8 


3 


- 


3 
16 


1 


1 

4 

14 


3 
17 


1902. 


9 


17 


- 


- 


24 


2 


26 


26 


Against the person, . 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc.. 


4 

5 


1 
16 


- 


- 


1 
3 

20 


2 


5 
21 


1 
3 

22 



* The word commMcd does not mean sevfcjiced; the table is intended to show how many 
times commitments were made and does not necessarily mean cither prisoners or convicts, 
as explained on page 293 for 1895. 



No. 1.3.] THE M^CJKO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



205 



Born in Other New England Staiea. 



Sex, Years, and 
Offenses. 



Males. 

1900. 

Against the person, 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., 

1901. 

Against tlie person. 
Against proi)erty. 
Against public "order, etc., 

1903. 

Against the person, 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc.. 

Females. 

1900. 

Against the person, 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 

1901. 

Against the person. 
Against prov>erty. 
Against pulilic order, etc., . 

1903. 

Against the person. 
Against proijerty, 
Against public order, etc., . 



Single 



Under „_ . ^ 50 
20 I 20 but .ga„ 

years of, "'"If '•»0 ami 



age 



years 



19 

8 
11 

1 

].-) 
1-2 



•2 
4 



Married 



Under -»/» k » '* 

20 ^f ""' voars 

years nf '""'''•'• -^O •and 

age ^cars „y,,p 



17 
4 



■21 

•2 
11 

8 

1.5 

•2 

■.i 

10 



Aggregates 



Single 



22 

1 

10 
11 

33 

1 

17 
I.') 

13 



11 



Mar- 
ried 



18 

4 

7 
7 

22 

2 
U 

u 

16 

2 

3 

11 



Born 


in Middle and Western States. 








Males. 


















1900. 


9 


36 


2 


1 


28 


3 


47 


32 


Against the person, . 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


2 
3 
4 


10 
13 
13 


1 
1 


1 


4 

5 
19 


1 
2 


13 
16 

18 


6 

6 

21 


1901. 


3 


.50 


2 


- 


26 


4 


55 


30 


Against the person. 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 

2 


14 
29 


2 


: 


6 

6 

14 


4 


t 
15 
33 


6 

6 

18 


1902. 


a 


38 


2 


3 


35 


10 


45 


48 


Against the person. 
Against iiroperty. 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 
-2 

2 


6 

8 

24 


1 
1 


3 


9 

12 
14 


10 


8 
10 
27 


9 
15 
24 


Females. 


















1900. 


- 


S 


- 


- 


10 


- 


8 


16 


Against the person. 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., . 


" 


1 

1 


: 


: 


2 
6 

8 


_ 


1 

7 


2 
6 

8 


1901. 


2 


12 ' 


- 


- 


9 


- 


14 


9 


Against the person. 
Against pro))erty. 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 

1 


1 
4 


„ 


- 


4 

5 


- 


2 
5 

7 


4 
5 


1908. 


2 


1 


- 


- 


8 


- 


9 


8 


Against the person, 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 

1 


1 

.5 

1 


- 


1 


1 
7 


- 


2 
6 

1 


1 
7 



•2d6 



STATISTICS OF LABOK. 



[Pul.. Doc. 



Born 1)1 Sof(ther7i States. 







Single 




Married 


Aggregates 


Sex, Ykars, and 
Offknses. 


Under 
20 

years of 
age 


20 hut 

under 50 

years 


."iO 

years 

"and 

over 


Under 
20 

years of 
age 


20 but 

under 50 
years 


SO 

years 
and 
over 


Single 


Mar- 
ried 


Males. 


















1900. 


40 


164 


15 


2 


134 


17 


219 


153 


Against the person, 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., . 


5 
•20 
15 


40 
44 

80 


2 
13 


1 

1 


37 
27 

70 


■2 
13 


47 

64 

108 


39 
30 

84 


1901. 


16 


1.57 


7 


1 


112 


13 


180 


1'26 


Against tlic person. 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., . 


3 

8 
5 


38 
48 
71 


t 


1 


34 
•25 
53 


4 
1 

8 


41 

56 
83 


38 
26 
62 


1902. 


•20 


IDf) 


11 


1 


1^24 


10 


2-26 


135 


Against the person, 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


fi 
10 
4 


42 
103 


11 


1 


40 
31 
53 


2 
8 


56 
52 
118 


42 
31 
62 


Females. 


















1900. 





48 


1 


1 


52 


2 


54 


55 


Against the person, 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 
2 
2 


3 

18 
27 


1 


1 


1 

10 
35 


2 


5 
20 
29 


7 
11 
37 


1901. 


8 


49 


- 


- 


32 


4 


57 


36 


Against the person. 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


3 
3 


4 
16 
29 


- 


_ 


5 

•20 


2 

2 


7 
18 
32 


7 

7 

22 


1902. 


4 


27 


- 


- 


31 


- 


31 


31 


Against the person. 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


3 

1 


4 
16 


- 


- 


1 
10 
•20 


- 


4 
10 
17 


1 
10 
20 



Born in Foreign Countries. 



MALES. 
1900. 


3 


16 






•27 


1 


19 


28 


Against the p*irs(in, 
Against pro iierty, 
Against public order, etc., . 


•> 

1 


6 
4 

6 


_ 


- 


9 

9 
9 


1 


6 
6 

7 


9 

9 

10 


1901. 


3 


S 


- 


1 


•20 


1 


11 


22 


Against the person. 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., . 


2 

1 


2 
3 
3 


_ 


1 


6 
6 

8 


1 


2 
5 
4 


6 
7 
9 


1902. 


3 


11 


- 


- 


•26 


- 


17 


26 


Against the person. 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


i 


i 

i; 


- 


_ 


9 

7 
10 


- 


4 

3 

i 


9 

7 
10 


Females. 


















1900. 


- 


3 


- 


- 


4 


- 


3 


4 


Against the jiorson, 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc., . 


'_ 


3 


- 


- 


1 
1 
2 


- 


3 


1 

1 
2 


1901. 


1 


3 


- 


- 


8 


1 


4 


9 


Against the per.'son. 
Against proijerty, 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 


1 
2 


: 


„ 


o 
.3 
3 


1 


1 
3 


3 
3 
3 


1002. 


1 


5 


- 


- 


4 


- 


6 


4 


Against the |)erHon, 
Against proi)erty. 
Against public order, etc., . 


1 


5 


- 


- 


4 


- 


1 
5 


4 



No. 15. J THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



297 



Recapitulatton. 








Single 




Markied 


Aggregates 


Sex, Years, and 

Ol'FKNSES. 


Under 
20 

years of 
age 


20 hut 

unrtor.'iO 
years 


SO 

years 
and 
over 


Under 
20 

years of 
age 


20 hut 

under 30 
years 


.to 

years 
and 
over 


Single 


Mar- 
ried 


Males. 


















1000. 


86 


3-27 


24 


3 


269 


'26 


437 


298 


Against t\w person, 
Against jiroporty. 
Against publii; "order, etc., 


11 

48 
•27 


73 

93 
161 


3 

21 


1 


65 

67 

137 


4 

2 

20 


87 
141 
'209 


69 

71 

158 


1901. 


60 


343 


12 


4 


'248 


'2(; 


416 


278 


Agfiinst the person, 
Against jiroperty. 
Against public order, etc., 


1) 
3-2 
1!) 


63 
113 
167 


12 


2 
2 


60 

64 

124 


5 

1 

20 


72 
145 
198 


65 

67 

146 


1902. 


51) 


334 


26 


4 


270 


30 


419 


304 


Against the person, . 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc.. 


S 

;i4 

17 


75 

79 

180 


1 
25 


3 
1 


78 

68 

124 


4 

'26 


84 
113 
'222 


82 

71 

151 


Females. 


















1900. 


•20 


80 


1 


5 


108 


4 


101 


117 


Against the person, 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc.. 


1 

5 
14 


5 
•25 
50 


1 


5 


10 
29 
69 


4 


7 
30 
64 


10 
34 
73 


1901. 


15 


82 


3 


- 


73 


6 


100 


79 


Against the person, . 
Against property. 
Against public order, etc.. 


4 
4 

7 


7 
'26 
49 


3 


: 


9 
20 
44 


3 
3 


11 

30 
59 


12 
20 
47 


1902. 


17 


iJ9 


1 


- 


70 


2 


77 


72 


Against the person, . 
Against property, 
Against public order, etc., 


1 

7 


5 
13 
41 


1 


- 


3 
13 

54 


2 


6 
22 
49 


3 
13 
.56 



In the three 3^ears considered, there were 2,(i97 comniit- 
iiients. Those of ncirroes born in Massachusetts nunibered 7(57, 
or 28.44 per cent, and those born in Southern States numbered 
1,303, or 48.31 per cent of the aggregate number of commit- 
ments. 

In order to show whether environment or education has any 
appreciable efiect on the negro born in this State as compared 
with the negro born in the South under difterent social con- 
ditions, the following tal)le is presented showing negro persons 
committed for crimes of the same character during the year 

1902 : 

Commitments for Specijied Crimes: 1902. 



Crime's. 



Adultery, . 

Assault, 

Assault and battery, . 

Breaking and entering, 



Negroes Born in ■ 



Massachusetts 



Southern 
States 



3 

5 
25 
12 



13 
20 
59 
19 



Percentages 



Massachusetts 



1.21 

2.01 

10.04 

4.82 



Southern 
States 



3.07 

4.73 

13.95 

4.49 



298 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Commitments for Specified Crimes: 1902 — Concluded. 



Crimes. 



Nkcroes Bokn in- 



Massachusetts 



Common night-walker, 
Disorderly house, keeping 
Disturbing the peace, 
Drunkenness, 
Fornication, 

House ol' ill-fame, keeping 
Idle and disorderly, . 
Indecent exposure, . 
Larceny, .... 
Lewd cohabitation, . 
Ijcwdness, .... 
Liquor law, violating 
Lord's day, violating 
Manslaughter, . 
Murder, .... 

Rape, 

Robbery, .... 
Vagrancy and vagabondage, 
Other crimes. 



Totals, 



6 

3 

11 

74 

11 

4 

5 

2 

.56 



1 

1 

•_) 

1 

7 

11 



'24!» 



Southern 
States 



10 

13 

1 

101 

11 

5 

8 

77 
3 
1 

10 
6 
4 
2 

*> 

13 
15 
26 



423 



Percentages 



Massachusetts 



2.41 
1.21 
4.42 

29.72 
4.42 
1.60 
2.01 
O.SO 

22.49 

2.81 
0.40 

O.SO 

0.40 
0.80 

0.40 
2.81 
4.42 



100.00 



Southern 
States 



2.36 
3.07 
0.24 

23.88 
2.60 
1.18 
1.89 
0.95 

18.20 

VI 

0.24 
2.36 
1.42 
0.95 
0.47 
0.47 
3.07 
3.55 
6.15 



100.00 



In 11 out of 23 instances the percentages are higher for 
negroes born in the South than for those born in ^Massachusetts, 
although the difference in many cases is but fractional. 

The following table exhibits the occupations of all the 
negroes committed during the three years, 1900, 1901, and 
1902: 



Occupations of Negroes Committed During the Three Yews Ending 

September 30. 



Occupations. 


1900 


1901 


1903 


Occupations. 


1900 


1901 


1902 


All Commitments. 


953 


872 


872 


All COMMITMENTS-Con. 








Males. 


735 


693 


723 


Males — Con. 








Actors, . . . . 


2 


8 


3 


Butlers, . . . . 


4 


6 


_ 


Agents 


2 


- 


- 


Carpenters, 




3 


*> 


4 


Agents, real estate . 


- 


- 


1 


Carpet layers, . 




- 


1 


2 


Artists 


2 


1 


- 


Carriage washers, 




_ 


- 


1 


Athletes, . . . . 


- 


- 


3 


Carvers, 




1 


_ 


_ 


Axe makers. 


1 


_ 


- 


Caterers, . 




_ 


_ 


3 


Rakers 


_ 


1 


1 


Calkers, 




1 


_ 




Barl)erfl, . . . . 


29 


23 


26 


Chimney sweeps. 




- 


1 


_ 


Bartenders, 


1 


1 


- 


Cigar makers, . 




2 


_ 


- 


Beef cutters. 


_ 


_ 


1 


Clergymen, 
Cler is. 




_ 


_ 


1 


Bell hoys 


3 


2 


3 




5 


13 


5 


Blacksmiths, 


3 


1 


2 


Clerks, drug 




1 


- 


_ 


Blacksmiths' heliiers. 


- 


1 


_ 


Clock makers, . 




_ 


1 


_ 


Boatmen, . . . . 

I{()(jkbin(iers, 


- 


- 


1 


Coachmen, . 




4 


6 


1 


1 


- 


1 


Coal heavers. 




1 


2 


5 


Bookkeepers and waiters, 
Bootljlacks, 


- 


1 


_ 


Coal stagers, 




- 


_ 


1 


18 


9 


10 


Collectors, . 




2 


— 


1 


Bottlers, . . . . 


1 


- 


_ 


Concreters, 




- 


1 


_ 


Box makers. 


i 


_ 


2 


Cooks, . 




52 


42 


48 


Brass llnishers, . 


1 


- 


- 


Cooks and waiters. 




1 


_ 


- 


Bricklayers, 


1 


1 


1 


Coopers, 




1 


- 


- 


Brickinakers, 


- 


- 


1 


Curriers, 




2 


- 


1 


Bronzers 


_ 


1 


_ , 


Dancers, 




1 


_ 


_ 


Butchers, . . . . 


- 


5 


9 

1 


Dentists, 






- 


1 



No. 1.^.] THE NECniO IX MASSACHUSETTS. 



299 



Occu2)ations of Negroes Committed During the Three Years Ending 

Se2)tember 30 — ConcliKk'd. 



Occupations. 


1900 


1901 


1902 


Occupations. 


1900 


1901 


190% 


All Commitments-Cou. 








All COMMITMKNTS-C'on. 








Males — Con. 








yfah's — Con. 








Drovers, . . . . 


_ 


_ 


1 


Polishers, . . . . 


_ 


1 


_ 


Doiiiestk- servants, 




_ 


2 


- 


Porters, . . . . 


24 


17 


10 


Elc'<'trii'i;iiis, 




- 


2 


- 


Pressmen 


1 


- 


1 


Electroiilaters, . 




- 


1 


- 


Printers, . . . . 


1 


4 


t 


Elevator lioys, . 




4 


1 


1 


Psychologists, . 


1 


- 


- 


Elevator men, . 
Eug-iiRsers, . 




- 


3 


- 


Pugilists 


- 


1 


- 




»> 


G 


2 


Quarrymen, 


1 


- 


- 


Engineers, railroad 




I 


- 


- 


Restaurant keepers, . 


1 


1 


- 


Errand boys, 




- 


1 


- 


Hoofers, . . . . 


1 


- 


2 


Ex-clergymen, . 




- 


1 


- 


Rope makers. 


- 


- 


1 


Expressiiien, 




- 


4 


- 


Sailors 


10 


8 


4 


Farmers, 




6 


11 


13 


Salesmen, . . . . 


- 


- 


1 


Farm hands, 




- 


■> 


G 


Scholars 


1 


2 


2 


Firemen, 




G 


6 


3 


Servants, . . . . 


- 


1 


- 


Fishermen, 




- 


- 


2 


Shippers, . . . . 


3 


- 


- 


Florists, 




I 


- 


- 


Shipwrights, 


- 


- 


1 


Foremen, . 




.) 


1 


- 


Shoe cutters, 


1 


- 


- 


Furniture dealers. 




1 


_ 


_ 


Shoe makers. 


4 


2 


8 


Gardeners, . 




- 


- 


4 


Shoe stitchers, . 


- 


- 


1 


Gasfltters, . 




- 


- 





Singers, . . . . 


.> 


3 


.1 


Harness makers. 




1 


_ 


- 


Slipper makers, 


1 


- 


- 


Hatters, 




_ 


_ 


1 


Steamboat hands. 


1 


- 


- 


Hostlers, 




:v:, 


IS 


41 


Steam drill operators, 


- 


- 


1 


Hostlers and sailors, 




1 


_ 


- 


Steamfitters, 


2 


1 


- 


Hotel keepers, . 




- 


5 


- 


Stewards, . . . . 


3 


3 


2 


Housekeepers, . 




- 


- 


1 


Stokers, . . . . 


- 


- 


i 


Ice dealers, 




- 


1 


- 


Stone cutters. 


1 


- 


- 


Iron workers, . 




_ 


_ 


1 


Stone polishers. 


1 


" 


- 


Janitors, 




07 


\i 


10 


Store keepers, . 


- 


1 


- 


Jobbers, 




- 


- 


1 


Stove repairers, 


1 


- 


- 


Jockeys, 




1 


_ 


1 


Students, . . . . 


- 


1 


~ 


Junk dealers, . 




.> 


2 


4 


Tailors 


1 


- 


2 


Kalsomlners, 




_ 


_ 


1 


Tailors and barbers. 


- 


1 




Kitchen helpers, 




_ 


1 


1 


Tanners, . . . . 


- 


- 


1 


Laborers, . 




•2:.8 


223 


248 


Teamsters 


32 


5.1 


46 


Lasters, 




2 


1 


.7 


Tin platers. 


- 


1 


- 


Letter carriers, . 




3 


1 


_ 


Tinsmiths 


- 


3 


- 


Linemen, . 




1 


_ 


_ 


Tool sharpeners, 


1 


- 


- 


Longshoremen, . 




_ 


_ 


2 


Traders 


- 


1 


- 


Machine opei-ators, 




_ 


- 


1 


Truckmen, . . . . 


- 


- 


1 


Machinists, 




1 





_ 


Upholsterers, 


1 


- 


- 


Managers, . 




_ 


-, 


1 


Veterinaries, assistant . 


- 


1 


- 


Managers of bowlin 


g all 








Waiters, . . . . 


77 


77 


80 


lies, . 







_ 


- 


Waiters and engineers, . 


- 


1 


- 


Manufacturers, . 




1 


_ 


_ 


AV'atchmen, 


- 


1 


- 


Marble workers. 




1 


_ 


_ 


Whitewashers, . 


4 


4 


1 


Masons, 




A 


I 


1 


Wood linisliers, . 


- 


1 


- 


INIasons, stone . 




1 


1 


_ 


Wood turners, . 


1 


- 


- 


Masons' tenders, 




_ 


_ 


1 


Not given, . . . . 


32 


3,T 


23 


]Meat cutters, 




_ 


I 


1 










Merchants, . 




- 


- 


1 


Females. 


218 


17St 


119 


Messengei's, 




— 


.') 


2 










Messengers, express 




- 




1 


Actresses, . . . . 


2 


- 


1 


Mill hands, 




- 


.> 


— 


Can%'assers, 


- 


- 


I 


Miners, 




1 




1 


Chambermaids, . 


1 


1 


- 


Molders, 




1 


_ 


3 


Cooks, 


13 


G 


5 


Molders, iron 






-. 


1 


Domestic servants, . 


S« 


73 


58 


Musicians, . 




1 


'2 


4 


Dressmakers, 


1 


- 


2 


Newsboys, . 






_ 


1 


Housekeepers, . 


n 


11 


2 


Newsdealers, 




_ 


_ 


1 


Housewives, 


2") 


14 


12 


Nickel platers, . 




1 


_ 


_ 


Housework, 


3G 


34 


36 


Nurses, 






_ 


1 


Laundresses, 


IS 


12 


8 


Opticians, . 




1 


1 


- 


Lodging-house keepers, . 


- 


1 


- 


Painters, . 




".) 


(! 


4 


Jlusic teachers, . 


1 


1 


- 


Paper hangers, . 




_ 


- 


2 


Nurses, . . . . 


2 


1 


- 


Pattern cutters, 




_ 


1 


- 


Seamstresses, . 


- 


•> 


1 


Pavers, 




1 


_ 


- 


Singers, . . . . 
Tailoresses, 


1 


- 


- 


Peddlers, . 




3 


_ 


8 


- 


- 


1 


Plasterers, . 




1 


1 


3 


Waitresses, 


C 


») 


4 


Plumbers, . 




1 


_ 


- 


Washerwomen, . 


- 


1 


2 


Plumbers' helpers. 






1 


- 


Not given, . . . . 


19 


20 


IG 



,300 



STATISTIC\S OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doe 



Of the males, the largest number appears in each year 
against the line laborers, and among the females against domes- 
tie servants. 

In order to make comparison of the commitments of negroes 
and those of other races, Avith the })()pulation in 1900, we pre- 
sent the following table : 

Negroes and Others Committed During the Year Ending 
September 30, 1900. 



Crimes. 



Negroes 



Males 



Fe- 
males 



Against the I'l'ruoii. 



Abandoning chihl, 
Abuse of female child, 

Assault 

Assault, felonious 

Intimidation, 

Libel, .... 

Maiming, 

Manslaughter, 

Murdei' 

Rape 

Rape, aiding to commit 

Robl)ery, 

Threats" 



Totals, 



Agatnxt rropertii. 



Arson, 

BreakiTig and entering, 

Breaking glass, 

Burglars' tools, having 

Burglary, 

Burning buildings, 

Common thief, 

Concealing bankrupt iiroiierty from tinistees. 

Conspiracy to defraud, 

Embezzlement, 

Evading fare, 

Exploding gunpowder to destroy mill, . 

Exposing poison to horse 

Fraud, ". 

Larceny, 

Larceny of contents of letter, . . . . 
Maliciously burning a manufactory. 

Malicious inischief, 

Misappliciition of moneys, funds, and ci-e(lit, 

Hcceiving stolen goods, 

Removing baggage, 

Selling or concealing mortg.aged or leased 

property, 

Setting lire in woods, 

stealing a ride 

Stolen goods, concealing and aiding 

Trespass 

U. S. mail, stealing 

U. 8. mail, using to defraud . . . . 
Unlawful taking 



Totals, 



Agaivst /'iililii- Orilcr, etc. 

Abduction 

Aliortioii, 

Adultc^ry, 

Affray," 

Bathing, unlawfully . . . . 



r2s 



•2 

6 

15 



156 



55 
•2 



111 



2li 



Ki 



1 
14 



Gl 
1 



(>4 



Others 



Males 



Fe- 
males 



4 
1,'270 

85 
2 

1 
1 
9 
4 
13 

IS 
36 

1,443 



1 

307 

67 

1 

1 

11 
-2 

i 
1 

21) 

34 

1 

1 

34 

•2,025 

1 
65 

1 
37 

1 

13 
1 
3 
3 
lid 
3 
1 
42 



2,S78 



1 
2 
39 
3 
2 



46 
3 



1 
1 

53 



94 



2S 



Totals 



Males 



Fe- 
males 



4 

1,398 

88 

•2 

i 

1 

11 

6 
19 

33 

36 

1,599 



1 

362 

69 
1 
2 

13 
2 
1 
1 

29 

34 
1 
1 

34 

1,166 

1 

1 

65 
1 

43 
1 

13 
1 
3 
3 
193 
4 
1 
43 



3,09{) 



55 
3 
2 



60 
3 



2 
138 



158 



35 



No. If).] THE NEGRO IN MASSACIIUSE'nS. 



m\ 



Negroes and Others Committed During the Year Ending 
September oO, 1900 — Conliiiuea. 



Crimes. 



Against Piiblir Order, etc. — C 

lionlire, makinjr .... 

Carryiiif? weapons, 

City "oniinance or town hy-lawB, violatin 

Committing a nuisance, 

Common beggar, .... 

Common bi'awler, 

Common niglit-wallier. 

Common nuisance, 

Concealing deatli of cliilit. 

Contempt of court. 

Counterfeiting, .... 

Cruelty to animals, 

Disorderly conduct, . 

Disorderly house, keeping 

Disorderly in pul)lic conveyan<'L', 

Disturbing meeting, . 

Disturbing school. 

Disturbing the peace, . 

Dog laws," violating . 

Drunkenness, .... 

Escape and attempt, . 

Exhibition, unlawful . 

Express law, violating 

False fire-alarm, giving 

Fast driving, .... 

Fish laws, violating . 

Forgery and uttering, 

Fornication, 

Gaming, and present at, . 
Garbage laws, violating . 
Giving liquor to prisoner, . 
Health laws, violating 
Highway, obstructing 
House of ill-fame, keeping 
Idle and disorderly, . 
Illegal measures, using 
Illegal registration, . 
Illegal voting, .... 
Immoral show, giving 

Incest, 

Indecent exposure, 
Junk laws, violating . 
Lewd cohabitation, . 

Lewdness 

Liquor laws, violating 

Loitering, 

Loitering around railroad station. 
Lord's Day, violating 
Lottery, advertising, etc., . 
Neglect of family. 
Obscene language, using . 
Obscene literature. 
Officer, assuminor to be 
Officer, obstructing . 
Opium laws, violating 
Park laws, violating . 
Pawnbroker, unlicensed . 
Peddling, unlicensed . 

Perjury, 

Physician, unregistered . 

Polygamy, 

Profanity 

Railroad laws, violating . 
Railroad signal, tampering witli 
Refusing to aid officer. 
Refusing to work, 

Rescue, 

Riding bicycle on sidewalk. 
Selling papers, unlicensed, 

Setting fire, 

Sidewalk, obstructing 



Negroes 



Males 



10 



3 

1 

170 



1 

6 

12 

13 



15 
\2 



Fe- 
males 



43 



13 

•2 



IG 
16 



Others 



Males 



2 

G 
85 
1 
1 
3 
5 
15 

37 
3 

26 

14 

19 

10 

7 

2 

460 

8 

16,534 

24 

1 

1 

.5 

1 

5 

35 

41 

37 

9 

3 

1 

2 

5 

122 

7 

1 

4 

1 

2 

43 

4 

14 

58 

141 

5 

5 

4 

5 

190 

4 

4 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

22 

11 

1 

13 
21 
6 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 

1 
II 



l\- 
iimlea 



1 

7 
96 
4 
1 
1 



1 
.56 



88 
1,982 



2 

86 

•> 

i 
1 



17 

89 



17 

.58 
55 



Totals 



Males 



6 
94 
1 
1 
3 
5 
17 

39 

3 

26 

14 

29 

10 

7 

2 

463 

9 

16,704 

24 

1 

1 

5 

1 

6 

41 

53 

49 

9 

3 

1 

2 

20 

134 

7 

1 

4 

1 

2 

51 

4 

17 

59 

147 

5 

5 

4 

10 

197 

6 

4 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

22 

ii 
1 

16 
28 
6 
1 
1 
1 
7 
1 
1 
1 
11 



Fe- 
males 



1 

1 

123 
4 
•2 

1 

I 

57 

88 
2,025 



2 

99 
4 
1 
1 



33 
105 



19 
63 
57 



302 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Negroes and Others Committed Daring the Year Endiyig 
Sejitember SO, iSC^^) — Concluded. 



Crimes. 



Against Public Order, etc. — Con. 

Sodomy, 

Steamboat law, violating 

Stoning train, 

Street car, obstructing 

Street, obstructing 

Stubbornness 

Tainted flsli, selling 

Throwing missiles 

Tramps, 

Unnatural act, 

Vagabonds 

Vagrants 

Wiiiking on railroad, 

Witness, dissuading from appearing in 
court 

Totals 



Negroes 


Others 


Totals 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Maes 


Fe- 
males 


1 




1 


. 


2 




_ 


_ 


1 


_ 


1 


_ 


1 


_ 


- 


- 


1 


- 


_ 


_ 


2 


_ 


o 


- 


- 


- 


2 


- 


2 


- 


2 


1 


42 


7 


44 


8 


_ 


_ 


1 


- 


1 


- 


2 


_ 


2 


_ 


4 


- 


9 


_ 


119 


- 


128 


- 


- 


- 


5 


- 


5 


- 


_ 


_ 


11 


_ 


11 


- 


24 


- 


763 


70 


787 


70 


11 


- 


234 


- 


245 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


- 


1 


367 


137 


19,355 


2,681 


19,722 


2,818 



Recapitulation . 





Negroes 


Others 


Totals 


Crimes. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Against the person 

Against property, 

Against public o'rder, etc. 


156 
212 
367 


17 

64 

137 


1,443 

2,878 
19,355 


53 

94 

2,681 


i,.ii;9 

3,090 
19,722 


70 

158 

2,818 


Totals 


735 


218 


23,676 


2,828 


24,411 


3,046 



In the year 1900 there were 27,457 commitments. Of this 
number, 953 were of negroes and 2(3,504 other races. On the 
basis of jiopulation, therefore, 2.98 commitments were made 
for every one hundred negroes, and 0.96 commitments for every 
one hundred of the white and other population. 

Tlie next table shows the principal crimes with the commit- 
ments of negroes and those of other races expressed in num- 
bers and percentages. 



Principal Crimes: 1900. 





Number of Commitments 


Percentages 


Crimes. 


Negroes 


Others 


Negroes 


Others 


Against the person 

Assault, 

Flajie, 

ItoDbery, 

Other crimes, .... 


173 

142 

6 

15 

10 


1,496 

1,316 

13 

18 

149 


10.37 

9.74 

31.58 

45.45 

6.29 


89.63 
9().2(i 
68.42 
54.55 
93.71 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



303 



Principal Crimes: 1900 — Couchuled. 





Ndmber of Commitmknts 


Percentageb 


CltlMBS. 


Negroes 


Others 


Negroes 


Others 


Against j)rojierty 

Breaking ami" t'literiiif^. 

Larceny 

Other crimes 

Against public order, etc.. 

Adultery 

Common night-walker. 

Disorderly house, keeping . 

Drunkenness 

Fornication 

House of ill-fame, keeping . 

Idle and disorderly, . 

Indecent exposure, 

Lewd cohabitation. 

Lewdness, 

Jjiquor laws, violating 

Neglect of family, 

Polygamy, 

Profanity, 

Tramps, 

Vagrants, 

Other crimes, . . . . 


270 

56 

202 

18 

504 

23 

27 

11 

213 

25 

31 

28 

8 

5 



8 

7 

8 

8 

9 

24 

68 


2,972 

307 

2,102 

503 

22,030 

07 

101 

75 

18,516 

127 

22 

211 

43 

31 

110 

190 

191 

10 

26 

119 

833 

1,340 


8.50 

15.43 

8.77 

3.10 

2.24 

25.60 

21.09 

12.79 

1.14 

10.45 

58.49 

11.72 

15.09 

13.89 

4.92 

3.92 

3.. 54 

15.79 

23.53 

7.03 

2.80 

4.81 


91.50 
84.57 
91.23 
96.90 
97.76 
74.44 
78.91 
87.21 
98.86 
83.55 
41.51 
88. 2S 
84.31 
86.11 
95.08 
90.08 
96.46 
84.21 
76.47 
92.97 
97.20 
95.19 


Total Crimes, . ... 


953 


20,504 


3.47 


96.53 



Of crimes against the person, 10.37 per cent were committed 
by negroes, and 89,63 per cent by others. Of crimes against 
property, 8,50 per cent were committed by negroes, and 91.50 
per cent by others. Of crimes against public order, etc., 2.24 
per cent were committed by negroes, and 97.7(5 jier cent by 
otliers. The negro forms 1.14 per cent of the total population 
of the State, as shown on page 232, and on the basis of aggre- 
gate negro population the commitments for crime are shown 
to be nearly tlu'ce in every one hundred. 

Negro Conference at Taskegee. 

In the following pages we present, ])riefly, data relating to 
the persons attending the negro conference at Tuskegee, Ala- 
bama, on Fel)ruary 18, 1903. The number shown here is 503, 
although the asrsfrecrate attendance was in excess of that num- 
ber, many arriving on horseback after the session had begun 
and leaving immediately at its close. The cold weather kept 
many of the poorer members away, it being their custom to 
attend the conference in their ox carts and to camp on llu- 
grounds, but the conditions were unfavorable. 

The following statement of Dr. Booker T. AVashington gives 
the reason for calling the annual conferences of negroes at the 
Tuskegee Institute : 



304 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

Soon after the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was established it was 
impressed upon my mind that much good might be accomplished by some move- 
ment which would interest the older people and inspire them to work for their own 
elevation. I think I first came to think of this when I had occasion to notice re- 
peatedly the unusual amount of common sense displayed by what is termed the 
ignorant colored man of the South. In my opinion the uneducated black man in 
the South, especially the one living in the country districts, has more natural sense 
than the uneducated ignorant class of almost any other race. This led me to the 
conclusion that any people, who could see so clearly into their own condition, 
and describe it so vividly as can the common farming class of colored people in 
the South, could be led to do a great deal towards their own elevation. This 
caused me to call the first session of what is now known as the Tuskegee Negro 
Conference. 

At first I sent invitations to about seventy-five farmers, meclianics, school 
teachers, and ministers to come and spend a day at Tuskegee, talking over their 
condition and needs. I was very careful to tell all who were invited that I did 
not want them to come prepared with any address or cut-and-dried speech. I 
very often find that when the average man is asked to prepare an address, too 
much time is spent in giving attention to rhetoric and too little sense is put into 
the address ; so I was very careful to impress upon all who were invited that we 
wanted no formal address, but wanted them to come and talk about their conditions 
and needs very much as they would do around their own firesides. 

To my surprise there came to this first conference four hundred men and women 
of all grades and conditions. The bulk of the people were farmers and mechanics, 
with a scattering of teachers and ministers. The morning of the day was spent 
in telling in a plain and simple manner what the conditions were along indus- 
trial lines. We had each delegate, as far as he could, tell the number of men in 
his community who owned their farms, the number who rented land, the number 
who lived in one-room log cabins, and the number who mortgaged their crops. We 
also had them tell about the educational conditions in their communities. We 
gave attention to the moral and religious life of the community, and had them tell 
what kind of a minister they had. 

From the very first we have been surprised at the frankness and directness of 
these reports. In the afternoon we heard from these same people what, in their 
opinion, would bring about remedies for the evils which they had described. It 
was very encouraging to see how clearly the people saw into their own condition, 
and how often they were able to suggest the needed remedies. It was found that 
in what is known as the "Black Belt" of the South at least four-fiftlis of the 
Negro people in many counties were living in one-room cabins, on rented land, 
were mortgaging their crops for food on which to live, and were paying a rate of 
interest on those mortgages which ranged from fifteen to forty per cent per annum. 
The schools, in most cases, extended but three months, and were taught, as a rule, 
in the churches, in broken down log cabins, or in a brush arbor. 

Of the total number of persons attending the 1903 con- 
ference, the enumerators were unable to register more than 
one-third. This was due to the fact that persons came late and 
went away early, being there only long enough to hear the 
speeches and discussion. Roscoe Conkling Bruce, Director 
of the Academic Department of the Tuskegee In.stitute, states 
that the members answered the inquiries propounded by the 
enumerators in a very frank manner, and from his knowledge 
of the conditions of the people he is of the opinion that these 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



305 



answers approximate the truth very closely, lie further states 
that he is unable to offer any data to show the effect of these 
conferences upon the various agricultural connnunitie.s reached, 
"but there is no doubt whatever that they have disseminated 
information as to fertilizers, rotation of crops, imi)roved ma- 
chinery, etc., among thousands of larmers in the lower South." 

The first table presented exhibits the number of persons at- 
tending the 1903 conference and registering Avith the enumera- 
tors, by sex and relation to head of family. 

Sex and Relationship of Negroes Attending Tuskegee Conference, 1903. 



Sex and Relationship. 



Males. 

Heads of families, . 
Sons, . . . . 
Brothers, . 
Grandsons, 
Not given, . 

Females 

Heads of families, . 
Wives, 



Number 
of Persons 



353 

297 

45 

3 

2 

6 

150 

27 
64 



Sex and Relationship. 



Females — Con 

Mothers, . 

Sisters, 

Daughters, 

(adopted), 

(step), . 

(grand), 
Cousins, . 
Wards, 
Not given, . 



Number 
of Persons 



2 
5 
46 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 



The total number of persons making return was 503, includ- 
ino- 353 males and 150 females. There were 297 male heads 
of families and 27 female heads, the relationship of the others 
beino- shown in the table. The following table gives the num- 
ber of males and females by age periods : 



Age Periods. 



Age Pemods. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Age Periods. 


Males 


Fe- 
males 


Both 
Sexes 


Heads of Families. 


297 


27 


324 


Jndiriditats — Con. 








20 to 29 years. 


38 


2 


40 


60 to 69 years. 


- 


1 


1 


30 to 39 years, 


70 


4 


74 


70 to 79 years. 


- 


3 


3 


40 to 49 years. 


90 


7 


97 


Not given, . 


3 


5 


8 


50 to 59 years, 
60 to 69 years, 


62 
20 


4 

5 


66 
25 


Totals. 


3.-53 


150 


503 


70 to 79 years, 


10 


3 


13 
2 


10 to 19 years, 


16 


26 


43 


80 to 89 years. 


2 


- 


20 to 29 years. 




68 


51 


119 


90 years and over, 




- 


2 


30 to 39 years, 




76 


24 


100 


Not given, . 


3 


2 


5 


40 to 49 years, 
50 to 59 years, 
60 to 69 years. 




91 
62 


23 

i 


114 
69 


Individuals. 


66 


123 


179 




20 


6 


26 


10 to 19 years. 


16 


26 


42 


70 to 79 years. 




10 


6 


16 


20 to 29 years. 


30 


49 


79 


80 to 89 years. 




2 


~ 


2 


30 to 39 years. 


6 


20 


26 


90 years and over, 


2 


— 


2 


40 to 49 years, 


1 


16 


17 


Not given, . 


6 


7 


13 


50 to 59 years. 


' 


3 


3 











306 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

Considering the total number of persons, it is seen that the 
greatest number, 119, is found in the age period 20 to 29 
years. The ages of 333, the majority of those attending the 
conference, ranged from 20 to 49 years. 

The place of birth for the 503 members appears as follows : 

Place of Birth. 



Statbs. 



lales 


Females 


Both Sexes 


Percentages 


353 


150 


503 


100.00 


•228 


114 


342 


67.99 


54 


17 


71 


14.11 


_ 


1 


1 


0.20 


2 


_ 


2 


0.40 


3 


_ 


3 


0.60 


1 


1 


2 


0.40 


5 


_ 


6 


0.99 


1 


- 


1 


0.20 


18 


1 


19 


3.78 


1 


2 


3 


0.60 


1 


_ 


1 


0.20 


14 


3 


17 


3.38 


4 


1 


5 


0.99 


9 


3 


12 


2.38 


12 


I 


19 


3.78 



Place of ISirth. 

Alabama, 
Georj,^ia, 
Kansas. 
Keutucfey, . 
Louisiana, . 
Maryland, . 
Mississippi, . 
New York, . 
Nortli Carolina, . 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania, 
South Carolina, . 
Tennessee, . 
\'iri;inia, 
Not given, . 



Naturally, the majority of the members were born in Ala- 
bama, Nearly all of the Southern States were represented, 
however, and Kansas, New- York, and Pennsylvania each sent 
one, and Ohio three members. 

The conjugal condition is shown by age periods in the next 

table. 

Gonjtirial Condition. 



Age Pemods. 



Heads of Families. 

20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, 
40 to 49 years, 
50 to 59 years, 
60 to 69 years, 
70 to 79 years, 
80 to 89 years, . 
90 years and over. 
Not given, . 

Indiriditals. 

10 to 19 years, . 
20 to 29 years, 
30 to .■i9 years, 
40 to 49 years, . 
50 to .59 "years, 
CO to 69 years, 
70 to 79 years, 
Not given, . 



Conjugal Condition 



Afales 



Single 



Mar- 
ried 



38 

10 
23 

5 



269 

33 

64 

84 

55 

17 

10 

1 

2 

3 



Wid- 
owed 



Di- Not 
voreed Given 



15 

() 
6 



Single 



41 

22 
19 



Females 



Mar- 
ried 



Wid- 
owed 



Di- 
vorced 



66 

1 
21 

20 

IG 

3 

2 
3 



22 

1 

3 
6 
4 
4 
3 



Not 
Given 



12 

3 

7 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



307 



Conjugal Condition — Concluded. 



Age Teriods. 



Totals 

10 to 1!) years, 
20 to 29 years, 
30 to 39 years, 
40 to 49 years, 
50 to 59 years, 
60 to 69 yeiirs, 
70 to 79 years, 
80 to 89 years, 
90 years and over, 
Not given, . 



Conjugal Condition 



Malei 



Single 



Mar- 
ried 



46 

10 

27 

9 



271 

33 

65 
85 
55 
17 

10 

1 

2 
3 



Wid- Di- 
owed vorced 



18 

2 
1 
5 
6 
3 



Not 
Given 



Females 



Single 



Mar- 
ried 



42 

22 

19 



68 

1 
22 

21 

16 

3 



Wid- 
owed 



Di- 
vorced 



25 

2 
3 
6 
4 

5 
4 



Not 
Given 



12 
3 



There were 88 persons single, 339 married, 43 widowed, 
four divorced, and 29 for whom the conjugal condition was not 
stated. Of the males, 220 had been married once, (34 twice, and 
six three times ; 73 females had been married once, 22 twice, 
and one three times. Of the 43 persons reported widowed, 11 
had been married twice and one three times, while of the four 
divorced one had been previously married twice. The young- 
est head of a family Avas 21 years old and the oldest 96 years. 

The next table shows the number of mothers, the number of 
children born, and the number of children living. 



Children and Children Living. 



NuMBKR OF Children and 
Childrkn Living. 



1 child, 

1 living, . 

2 children, . 

1 living, . 

2 living, . 

3 children, . 

None living, 

1 living, . 

2 living, . 

3 living, . 

4 children, . 

1 living, . 

3 living, . 

4 living, . 

5 children, . 

2 living, . 

3 living, . 

4 living, . 

5 living, . 

6 children, . 

3 living, . 

5 living, . 

6 living, . 

7 children, . 

3 living, . 

4 living, . 

7 living, . 



Number of 
Mothers 



15 
15 
11 
2 
9 
12 
1 
1 
2 
8 
9 
1 
1 
7 
8 
1 
1 
1 
5 
8 
3 
1 
4 
3 
1 
1 
1 



NCMBEK or Children and 
Children LrviNG. 



Number of 

Motlu-rs 



8 children, 

4 living, 

8 living, 

9 children, 

2 living, 

5 living, 

9 living, 

10 children, 

3 living, 
7 living, 

11 children, 
11 living, 

12 children, 
5 living, 
9 living, 

16 children, 
3 living, 

Recapitulation, 

Number of mothers, 
Number of children, 

Living, 

Not living, . 



80 
;«8 
274 

84 



308 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



All the married women are not included in the preceding ta,ble, 
there being some for whom the number of children was not re- 
turned, but, of the 80 mothers who answered this inquiry, it ap- 
pears that they had in all oo8 children, of whom 274 were living. 
There were 15 mothers who returned one child each, all of whom 
Avere living, and the largest number of children returned by 
an}' one mother was 1(>, of whom only three were living. 

The next table shows, under the Census method of classilica- 
tion, the occupations of all those attending the conference for 
whom data were obtained. 



Occupations. 



Classes of Occupations. 



Males 



Females 



Both Sexes 



Percentages 



Heads of Families. 

Government, 
Professional, 
Domestic service, 
Personal service. 

Trade 

Transportation, . 

Agriculture, 

Manufactures, 

Laborers 

At home, .... 
Not stated, .... 

Indiciduals. 

Professional, 
Domestic service, 
I'ersonal service. 

Trade, 

Agriculture, 
^Manufactures, 
Scholars, .... 
Students, .... 
Not stated 

Totals. 

Government, 
Professional, 
Domestic service. 
Personal service. 

Trade 

Transportation, . 

Agriculture, 

Manufactures, 

lia borers 

Scholars 

Students 

At home, .... 
Not stilted 



■297 

1 

48 
1 
1 
4 
1 
212 

17 



10 

56 

8 
1 
1 
4 
31 
3 

1 

7 

3.53 
1 

5(; 

2 
2 
H 
1 
243 
20 
2 

1 



14 
1 

123 

14 

30 
11 

4i) 
3 
1 

1.5 

150 

14 

38 
15 



63 
3 



1 

15 



324 

1 

48 
9 
5 
4 
1 
226 

17 
2 
1 

10 

179 

22 

31 

12 

4 

80 
6 
1 
1 

22 

503 

1 

70 

40 

17 

8 

1 

306 

23 

2 

1 

1 

1 

32 



100.00 

0.31 
14.81 
2.78 
1.54 
1.23 
0.31 
69.75 
5.25 
0.62 
0.31 
3.09 

100.00 

12.29 

17.32 
6.70 
2.24 

44.69 
3.35 
(1.56 
0.56 

12.29 

100.00 

0.20 
13.92 
7.95 
3.38 
1.59 
0.20 
60.83 
4.57 
0.40 
0.20 
0.20 
0.20 
6.36 



It is seen that Agriculture forms the leading occupation, 
nearly (51 out of every one hundred being classed under that 
head ; the class ranking second is Professional, in which nearly 
14 persons out of every one hundred are found ; and the third 
is Domestic Service, in which nearly eight out of every one 
hundred are found. 



No. If).] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



309 



Presenting the occupations in detail, we show for males and 
females the branches of occupations and the amount of salaries 
or wages earned by the persons enumerated, those occupations 
only being shown for which wages or salaries were returned. 



Wages and Salaries : Males. 



Occupations and Amodnts Paid. 



Num- 
bei 

of Pel 
sons 



Attorneys. 



$65.00 mouth 

Barbers. 
$.t0.00 month 

lUacl-smiths. 

$-2.00day — 6.00 week 

2.75 day — 13.50 week — 54.00 montli, . 

Blacksmiths and Farmers. 
$50.00 month, 

Bookkeepers. 
$40.00 month, 

liricklayers. 
$2.50 day — 12.00 week, . 

Business Managers. 
$40 month 

Carpenters. 

$0.80 day, 

1.00 day 

1.50 day 

2.00 day, 

11.10 week — 44.40 month, . 

60.00 month 



Carpenters, Fanners, Engineers, and 
Machinists. 

$1.25 day — 7. 50 week, . 

Choremen. 
$0.60 day 

Clerks. 

$50.00 month, 

SO. 00 month 



Contractors and Bxdlders. 
$50.00 month, 

Directors {Ginnery Companies). 
$83.06 month, 

Drtigs and Heal Estate. 
$125.00 month 

Elders. 

$60.00 month, 

70.00 month, 



Errand Boys. 
$0 . 25 day — 1 . 50 week — 6 . 00 month , 



Occupations and Amounts Paid. 



Farmers. 

SO. 35 dav, .... 

0.40 day 

0.45 day, .... 
0..50 day, .... 
0.,50 — 0.75 day, 

0.55 day 

0.75 day, ... 

2.50 day,* 

0..50 day — 10.00 month, 
0.50 day — 12.00 month, 
0.75 day — 15.00 month, 
0.40 day— 2.00 week 



0.. 50 day 
0.50day — 
O.eOday- 
l.OOdav — 
l.OOday — 
2.00 week - 



8.00 month, 

8.3.Smonth, 

12.00 montli, 

14.40 month. 



3.00 week — 
3.00 week — 
3.60 week — 

6 . 00 week — 15 . 00 month 
6.00 week— 24.00nionth, 
- 8.00 month, . 

2..50 week— 10.00 month, . 

3.00 week— 12.00 month, . 

5.00 week— 20.00 month, . 

2.00 month 

3.00 month, 

4.00 month 

H.OO month, t 

7.00 month, 

7. .50 month, 

8.00 month, 

8.50 month, 

9.00 month, 

10.00 inontl 

11.00 — 20. 00 month, . . . . 

11., 50 month 

12.00 month, 

12. .50 month, 

13.00 month, 

15.00 month 

17.00 month, 

18.00 month, 

20.00 month 

26.00 month, 

40.00 month, 

45.00 month, 

48.00 month 

.50.00 month, 

60.00 month, 

80.00 month, 

100.00 month, 

250.00 month, 



Num- 
ber 

af Per- 
sons 



Farmers and Carpenters. 



$1.25 day, . 
10.00 month. 



Farmers and Cross Tie Men. 

$1.. 50 day, 

Farmers and Draymen. 

$125.00 month 

Farmers and Loggers. 
$1.25 day 



I2;i 
1 

5 
1 

16 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
6 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
G 
3 
3 
1 
6 
1 
3 

14 
1 
1 
7 
2 
1 



Rents tean^Si 



I And^oara (J), 



310 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

Wages and Salaries: Males — Concluded. 



Occupations and Amounts Paid. 



Farmers and Preachers. 
$0.r>()dav 

0. Co (lav, 

7.0() iiioiitli, .... 

8.00 month, .... 
45.00 month, .... 
4,50.00 vcar 



Fnrmcrs ttiiil S/url- /iiiinrrs. 
$20.00 month, . . . . 



I'armrrx, lilackumiths, a in/ Car- 
pent em. 
f 1.00 clay, 



Farmers, Ddiri/nini, am/ Stnre- 

keejierK. 

$0.35day — 2.00 week — 8.00 mouth, . 



Firemen. 



;().00 week, 



$0.50 (lay, . 
0.00 month, 



3.07 hour. 



Gardeners. 



Janitors. 



Mechanical Directors (Schoo/s). 
$50.00 month 



yrerchants. 



$40.00 month, 
175.00 month. 



Mercliants, Farmers, Ki/itors, Poul- 
try Dealers, and Secretai-ies. 

$100.00 month, 



Ministers. 



$12.00 montli, 
15.00 moutli, 
25.00 montli, 
oO. 00 month, 
48.00 month, 
CO. 00 month, 
05.00 montli, 
SO. 00 month, 
K2.00 month, 
'.10.00 month, 

loo. no month, 



Ministers am/ I'rincijia/s (Sc/too/s). 

$75.00 inontli, .... 
80.00 month 



Missionaries {Snndai/ S<-liools). 
$06.00 montli, .... 



/'hotof/raphers. 
$3.00day— 15.00 week— (jO.oo month, 

J'hj/siciuns. 
$1,800.00 yt'ar 



$60.00 Mioiilh, 



I'lasterers. 



I'/asterers (tin/ Fanners. 
$1.00 (lay 



Num- 
ber 

ofPer 
sons 



Occupations and Amounts Paid. 



Num- 
ber 
of I'er- 
sons 



Preachers and Presidents ( Co/leges) . 
$100.00 month, 



I'residcnts {American Beneflcial 
Society). 
$160.00 month 



Presidents {Institutes) . 
$100.00 month, .... 



Principals ( Institutes). 

$60.00 month, .... 
75.00 montli, .... 



J'orters. 



$28.00 month. 



Puhlisliers. 



$70.00 month, 



Itailroading. 
$30.00 month, . 



Secretaries { Missions) . 
$125.00 month, . . 



Shoenia/.-ers. 



$2.00 day, . 
85.00 month. 



Sunday School Field irorkers. 
$75.00 month, 

Superintendents ( Industrial Schools) . 
$60.00 month, 

Teacliers. 

$1.50 day — 9.00 week— 35.0O month, . 

30.00 month 

40.00 month 

41.00 month, .... 

.50.00 month, 

60.00 month, 

62. .50 month,* '. 

65.00 montli, 

75.00 month '. ' 

05.00 month, 

100.00 month 

1,100.00 year, 



Teachers and Farmers. 

$1..50 (lay —7.50 week — 30.00 month, 
30.00 month, .... 
35. (H) month, .... 
50.00 month, . 
300.00 year. 



Teachers and /'reachers. 



$.35.00 month, 
1 12. .50 month. 



Treasu rcrs { SclKml.t) . 
$75. (Ml month, .... 



JFel/ Dif/i/ers. 
$17.00 month, . ". " . 



Wood Cutters. 



$0.50 day, . 
3.50 week, 



ith home. 



No. If).] THE NKCJRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. ;;il 



Wages and Saluries : Females. 



Occupations and AMonNTs Paid. 



Num- 
ber 

of Per- 
sons 



Assistant Secretaries. 
$30.00 montli 

Bourdinghouse Keepers. 
$60.00 month, 

('Itiiiiiheniiiiiils. 
$8.00 month, 

( \iok-s. 

$0.75 week, 

1.00 week, 

Cools, Formers, and Peddlers. 
$4.00 month, 

Cotton Pickers. 
$0.30 day — 1 .!i0 week — 6.00 month, 

Farmers. 

$0.25 day, 

0.35 day, 

0.40 day, 

0.45 day 

CW day 

0.60 day, 

1.50 day, 

0.40 dav — 2.40 week — 9.60 month, 
1.00 day— 6.00 week, . 
3.00 week — 12. 00 month, . 

2.00 month, 

2. .50 month, 

3.00— 6. 00 month 

5.00 month, 

6.00 month, 

8.00 month, 

Hoiisekee2)ers. 

$2. ,50 week, 

8.00 month 



1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

33 

1 
3 
3 
2 
4 
1 
1 
5 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
2 
2 



Occupations and Amounts 1'aid. 



Housework. 



$0.40 day, . 
0.,50daV, . 
8.00 month, 



$0.50 
0.25 
0.30 
0.35 
0..50 
0.50 
0.60 
1.25 
2.00 
5.00 
4.25 
5.00 



Laundresses. 

lifiy. 

day— 1.50 week— 6. 00 month, 

day — 1.80 week — 7.20 iiiiiiitli, 

day —2.10 week — 8.40 month, 

day — 2.50 week — lO.OOmonth, 

day — 2.(M) month, . 

day — 3.60 week —14.40 month, 

week — 5.00 month, 

week, 

week, 

month, 

month, 



Literary Writers. 
$8.00 week, 

Nurses. 



$10.00 month, 
15.00 month, 



Sewing Girls. 
$0.40 day 

Stewardesses. 
$10.80 mouth, . 



Teachers. 



$3.00 montli, 
10.00 month, 
20.00 month, 
25.00 month, 
27.50 month, 
54.00 month, 



Ninn- 

l.er 

ofPei-- 

8UI18 



1 
1 
1 

12 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 



1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

12 

1 
1 

2 
6 
1 
1 



There are, of course, many difterent occupations represented 
in the above presentation which account for the various 
amounts noted as being received by the same individual. In 
the case of persons for whom more than one occupation is 
given, it is to be inferred that the first mentioned is the prin- 
cipal one. The teacher who had a trade at which he worked 
in his vacation would state his teacher's salary at so much i)er 
month, and his Avages as carpenter or whatever trade he was 
employed at, at so much per day or week ; and the farmer, 
who had a trade at which he worked when his crop was ' ' laid 
by" or at some other lull in the farming season, would state 
his wages at such trade by the day and week and month. 
These wages are only indicative, much depending upon how 



312 



STATISTIC S OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



the individual divided his time between two or more occupa- 
tions. 

The followinir table shows for the heads of femilies the nuiii- 
ber living in rented homes, the number owning their own 
homes, and also other houses and lands, and the value of the 
same with the amount of encumbrance : 



Otoners1ii20 of Homes, etc. 



Classification. 


Number and 
Amounts 


Classification. 


Number and 
Amounts 


9Iales. 

Living in rented homes, 
Number of homes owned, . 
Aggregate value,* . 

Average value 

Number mortgaged, 
Amount of mortgage, t . 
Number owning other land or 

houses 

Aggregate value. 
Number of mortgages, 
Amount of mortgages,! 


297 

168 
129 
$96,065.00 
$750.51 

2 
$275.00 

118 
$U5,7.'53.00 
9 
$1,573.00 


Females. 

Living in rented homes, 
Number of homes owned, . 

Aggregate value, 

Average value, .... 

Number owning other land or 

houses, 

Aggregate value, 


27 

21 

6 
$3,i550.00 
$1591.67 

4 
$1,530.00 



* Value of one home not returned. 

t Amount of mortgage on one home not returned. 

X Amount of two mortgages not returned. 

The male heads of families who reported homes owned num- 
bered 129, and of these 128 reported the value which amounted 
in the aggregate to $96,065, or an average value of $750.51 ; 
two reported that their homes were mortgaged but only one 
returned the value of mortgage, $275. There are 118 male 
heads who reported owning other lands or houses, the total 
value of which was $145,753, and seven reported encumbrances 
on this property to the amount of $1,573, although two others 
stated that there were mortgages on their property but failed 
to note the amount. Of the 27 female heads, six reported 
owning their own homes valued on an average at $591.67 each, 
and four stated that they owned other lands and houses valued 
in total at $1,530. There were 168 male heads Avho reported 
living in rented houses and 21 female. 

The lenirth of time homes have been owned and the classi- 
tied values arc shown in the followinff table : 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



HI 3 



Classified Values of Homes and Length of Time Oioned. 



Classifikd Vai.ite of 
Homes. 




Length 


OF Time of Ow 


NKR8HIP 


OF HOMKS 


Heads 
of Kiiini- 


Under 


lto4 


5 to 9 


10tol4 15 to 19 80 to 2412.5 years 


lics 




1 year 


years 


years 


years 


years 


years 


and over 


Homes 


Males. 


4 


38 


26 


31 


8 


11 


11 


129 


UnrlfT $inO, .... 
$10(1 but under $'200, . 
$■200 liut under SiiOO, . 
$.500 hut under $1,000, 
$1,0(10 but under $-2,()00, 
$•2,000 but under $5,000, . 
$5,000 and over, . 


8 

1 


3 

B 
7 
8 
11 
2 


2 
3 
5 
9 
4 
3 


2 

3 

5 

11 

8 
2 


2 
4 

2 


3 
1 

2 
2 

1 


5 

2 

3 
1 


10 
18 
26 
35 
30 
H 
1 


Not given 


- 


1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


Females. 


- 


1 


2 


- 


1 


1 


1 


6 


$100 but under $200, . 
$'200 but under $50(t, . 
$500 but under $1,000, 
$2,000 but under $5,000, 


- 


1 


1 

1 


- 


1 


I 


1 


2 
1 
2 
1 


Both Sexes. 


4 


39 


28 


31 


9 


12 


12 


1.35 


Under $100 

$100 but under $200, . 
$200 but under $r)00, . 
$500 but under $1,0(X), 
$1,000 but under $2,000, 
$2,000 Init under $5,000, 
$5,000 and over, . 
Not given, .... 


3 
1 


3 

6 

8 

11 

3 

1 


2 
4 
6 
9 
4 
3 


2 

3 

5 

11 

8 
i 


2 
5 
2 


3 
1 

2 
3 
2 

1 


6 
2 

3 

1 


10 
20 

27 

37 

30 

9 

1 
1 



There are 37 heads of families owning homes valued at from 
$500 to $1,000, 11 of which had been OAvned from 10 to 14 
3^ears ; nine from five to nine years ; eight, one to four years ; 
five, 15 to 19 years; three, 20 to 24 years, and one under one 
year. 

The next table shows the number and kind of live stock 
owned and the heads of families owning same. 



Live Stock. 



Classification. 



Number 

of Animals 

Owned 



Horses, . 

Mules, 

Oxen, 

Cows, 

Goats, 

Beef cattle, 

Swine, . 

Stiecp, 

Chickens, 

Turkeys, 

Geese, 

Ducks, . 

Guinea hens. 



196 

319 

85 

652 

8 

1.59 

1,145 

4 

7,423 

5.53 

179 

134 

119 



Families Owning Live Stock 



Male Heads 



Female 
Heads 



Total Families 



125 

116 
33 

174 

2 

30 

172 
1 

240 
64 
19 
10 
12 



19 
3 
1 



129 

121 
34 

182 

2 

31 

179 
1 

2iW 
67 
20 
10 
14 



Considering the crops owned and raised by the heads of 
families the following table is presented : 



314 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



Cnrps Cultivated. 















Number of 
Acres of Crops 


Families Cultivating Chops 


Classification. 








Cultivated 


Male Heads 


Female 
Heads 


Total 
Families 


Cotton 


8,4()7'/2 


215 


15 


230 


Wheat, . 












128 


13 


1 


14 


Corn, 












4,723 


207 


12 


219 


Oats, 












any. 


92 


2 


94 


Rye . . 












^V2 


7 




7 


Irish potatoes, 












54% 


55 


4 


59 


Sweet potiitoL'B, 












•257% 


156 


10 


166 


Apples, . 












29% 


39 


2 


41 


rea<'he8, . 












113^8 


71 


2 


73 


Fruit trees, . 












45y2 


6 




6 


Hay, 












354V4 


35 


_ 


35 


Sugar cane, . 












153 


127 


7 


134 


Cow peas, 












i,m-iw^ 


125 


8 


133 


Peas, 












r)43Vi 


11 


1 


12 


Ground peap, 












13Vi 


4 


_ 


4 


Speclile peas, 












2 


1 


_ 


1 


Wliite peas, . 












% 


1 


_ 


1 


Sorghum, 












7iy2 


52 


2 


54 


Millet, . 












V2 


1 




1 


Peanuts, 












40Vi 


31 


1 


32 


Grapes, . 












In 


1 




1 


Green cabbages. 












Vi 




1 


1 



There were 8,4071/^ acres of cotton cultivated during the 
year by 215 male heads and 15 female heads, and 4,723 acres 
of corn by 207 male and 12 female heads. These were the 
principal crops so far as acreage is concerned. 

For the heads of families the following table -exhibits the 
size and composition : 

Size and Com'positioii of Families. 



Size and Composition 


Male 


Fe- 
male 
Heads 


Total 


1 
Size and Composition 


Male 


Fe- 


Total 


OF Families. 


Heads 


Families 


OF Families. 


Heads 


male 
Heads 


Families 


1 in family, 


8 


4 


12 


7 in family. 


25 




25 


1 in, 




8 


- 


8 


1 m 6 f, 






1 


_ 


1 


If,. . 




- 


4 


4 


2 m 5 f, 






3 


_ 


3 


2 in family. 




37 


7 


44 


3 111 4 f , 






9 


_ 


9 


1 m 1 f, . 




36 


5 


41 


4 in 3 f , 






10 


_ 


10 


2 III, 




1 


_ 


1 


5 m 2 f , 






1 


_ 


1 


2 f, . . 






2 


2 


6 m 1 f, 






1 


_ 


1 


3 in fainilv, 




39 


2 


41 


8 in famih 


, 




24 


- 


24 


1 ni 2 f , . 




19 





21 


1 111 7 1, 






2 


- 


2 


2 111 1 f , . 




20 


_ 


20 


2 m 6 f, 






2 


- 


2 


4 in family, 




40 


5 


45 


3 m 5 f , 






5 


- 


5 


lin3f,'. 




13 


3 


16 


4 m 4 f , 






7 


- 


7 


2 111 2 f, . 




17 


1 


18 


5 m 3 f, 






6 


- 


6 


3 m 1 f, . 




9 


1 


10 


6 m 2 f , 






2 


- 


2 


4 m, 




1 




1 


9 in lainil\ 


» 




29 


1 


30 


5 in family, 

1 m 4 f, ". 

2 m 3 f, . 

3 111 2 f, . 

4 m 1 f, . 




27 
7 

12 
7 
1 


3 
1 

1 
1 


30 
8 

13 
8 
1 


2 111 7 f , 

3 ni 6 f , 

4 m 5 f , 

5 11! 4 f, 

6 111 3 f, 

7 111 2 f , 






1 

(> 
11 

7 
2 
2 


1 


2 
6 
11 
7 
2 
2 


6 In family. 




24 


2 


26 


10 in famih 






14 


2 


16 


1 m 5 1, . 




- 


1 


1 


3 111 7 f, 






3 


1 


4 


2 m 4 f, . 




7 


- 


( 


4 111 6 I', 






1 


1 


2 


3 in 3 f , . 




10 


1 


11 


5 111 5 f. 






8 




8 


4 III 2 f, . 




6 


- 


6 


6 m 4 f , 






1 






5 m 1 f , . 


1 


~ 


1 


8 m 2 f , 






1 


- 



No. 15.] TIIK NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 315 



Size and Composition of Families — Coucluded. 



Size and Cdmi'Osition 

OF FaMILIKS. 


Male 
Heads 


Fe- 
male 
Heads 


Total 
Families 


Size and Composition 
OF Families. 


Male 
Heads 


Fe- 

iiiale 
Heads 


Total 

Families 


11 in faniil}', 
4in7f, . 

5 111 ti f, . 

6 111 5 f , . 

7 111 4 f, . 
9 III 2 f , . 

12 in family, 

4 m 8 f , . 

5 111 7 f, . 

6 m 6 f , . 
7m5f, . 

8 m 4 f , . 

9 in 3 f , . 

13 in family, 
(i in 7 f , . 

14 in family, 

4 m 10 f, 

5 in 9 f , . 

7 m 7 f , . 
8m6f, . 




9 
3 

i 

2 


1 
1 


9 
3 
2 

10 


17 in family, 
8 111 9 f, . 

18 in family, 

8 111 10 f, 

9 111 9 f , . 
Not given, . 

Totals, 


1 

1 
2 
1 
1 
3 


- 


1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
3 


297 


27 


324 


Recapitulation. 

Aggregate number of families, 
Number of persons 

Males, 

Females 

Average persons to a lamilj-, . 

Males, . . . . " . 

Females 


324 

l,8(il 

884 

977 

5.80 

2.76 

3.04 



The smallest family among the male heads consisted of one 
member and the largest of 18. Of the former there were eight 
families of one male each, and of the latter there were two 
families, one containing eight males and 10 females, and one 
with nine males and nine females. Of the female heads of 
families, the smallest family consisted of one member and the 
laro-est of 12. Of the former there were four families of one 
female each, and of the latter there was one family composed 
of four males and eight females. For three of the families the 
composition by sex was not reported, but the 321 families for 
which data were given aggregated 1,861 persons, of whom 884 
were males and 977 were females. The average number of 
persons to a family was 5.80. 

The next table shows the size of families and the number of 
rooms to a family for male and female heads. 



Rooms to a Family. 







Familibs Occupying Dwellings of Specified Number 
OF Rooms — 


Total 


Size of Families. 


1 


a 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


11 


13 


Not 
Given 


Families 


Male Heads 

1 in family, 

2 in family, 

3 in family, 

4 in family, 

5 in family, 

6 in family, 

7 in family. 




19 

1 

1 
5 
5 
2 
1 
2 


89 

1 

16 
12 
11 

6 
5 
4 


66 

2 
7 
9 
8 
6 
6 
6 


39 

3 
4 

6 
5 

4 


31 

5 
3 
5 
3 
3 
4 


20 

1 
2 
3 
3 
2 


15 

2 
3 

1 
2 
3 


7 

3 
2 

1 


3 

1 
2 


1 
1 


1 


6 

4 

1 


297 

8 
37 
39 
40 
27 
24 
25 



316 STATISTICS OF LABOR. [Pub. Doc. 

Rooms to a Family — Concluded. 





Famiues Occopting Dwellings of Specified Number 

OF KOOMS — 


Total 
Families 


Size of Families. 


1 


2 


3 


4 


3 


6 


7 


8 


1 
» 11 13 


Not 
Given 


Male Heads — Con. 

8 in family, 

9 in family, 

10 in family, 

11 in family, 

12 in I'amily, 

13 in family, 

14 in family, 

17 in family, 

18 in family. 
Not given, . 

Female Heads. 

1 in family, 

2 in family, 

3 in family, 

4 in family, 
a in I'amily, 

6 in family, 
9 in family, 

10 in family, 
12 in family. 

Total Families. 

1 in family, 

2 in family, 

3 in family, 

4 in family, 

5 in family, 
t) in family, 

7 in family, 

8 in family, 

9 in family, 
K) in family, 

11 in family, 

12 in family, 

13 in family, 

14 in family, 

17 in family, 

18 in family. 
Not given, . 


1 

1 

f) 

1 
2 
1 

1 

24 

2 
3 

6 

2 
2 

2 
1 

1 


12 
8 
6 
4 
1 

1 
o 

9 

2 
2 

2 

1 
1 
1 

98 

3 

18 

12 

13 

6 

5 

4 

12 

9 

7 

4 

.> 

1 


3 

10 
3 
2 
2 

2 

4 

1 
1 

1 

1 

70 

3 

8 
9 
9 
7 
6 
6 
3 
10 
3 
2 

2 


4 
4 
2 

2 

1 
1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

•> 

i 

44 

4 
.5 
8 
6 
2 
4 
4 
4 

2 

1 
1 

1 


1 
3 
2 

\ 

2 

1 
1 

33 

5 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
1 
3 
3 

1 
1 


2 
1 

3 
2 

1 

1 
1 

21 

1 
1 
2 
3 
3 
2 
2 
1 

3 
>) 

1 


1 
2 

1 

l.T 

2 
3 
1 
2 

3 
1 
2 

1 


1 

3 
2 

1 
1 


3 

1 
2 


1 
1 

1 
1 


1 

1 
1 


1 

(; 

4 

1 

1 


24 

29 
14 
9 
9 
1 
5 
1 
2 
3 

27 

4 
7 
2 
5 
3 
2 

1 
2 

1 

324 

12 

44 

41 

45 

30 

26 

25 

24 

30 

16 

9 

10 

1 

5 

1 

2 

3 



From thi.s table it Avill be seen that 24 families occu})ied 
dwellings containing one room each. Two of these families 
comprised one person each ; tliree, two persons each ; six, 
three persons each ; five, four persons each ; two, five persons 
each; two, six persons each; two, seven persons each; one, 
eight persons ; and one, nine persons. The largest number of 
families, 98, occupied dwellings containing two rooms each, 
and the smallest number of families, one, occui)ied a dwellino- 
which contained 12 rooms. 

Ill the aggregate 1,855 persons were reported occupying 
1,115 rooms, or an average of 1 .60 persons to a room. Among 
the males, the largest number of rooms occupied was 12 which 
were occupied by one family of 10 persons, and among the 
females one family of five persons occupied 11 rooms. 



No. 15.] THE NEGRO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



17 



The final tabic in this series relates to the literacy of those 



attendinir the (Conference. 



Literacy. 



Age Periods. 



Read 

and 

Write 



Kead 



Write 



Neitlier 

Read nor 

Write 



Not 
Given 



Totals 



Heads of Families. 

Males. 

20 to 29 years, . 

30 to 39 years, 

40 to 49 years, 

50 years ami over, 

Not given 



Females. 

20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, 
50 years and over. 
Not given, . 

Individuals. 

Males. 

10 to 19 years, 
20 to 29 years, 
30 to 39 years, 
40 to 49 years, 
Not given, . 

Females. 

10 to 19 years, 
20 to 29 years, . 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, 
50 years and over. 
Not given, . 

Total Persons. 

Males. 

10 to 19 years, 
20 to 29 years, 
30 to 39 years, . 
40 to 49 years, 
,50 years and over, 
Not given, . 

Females. 

10 to 19 years, 
20 to 29 years, 
30 to 39 years, 
40 to 49 years, 
50 years and over. 
Not given, . 



135 

130 

23 
42 

39 

2.'i 

1 



88 

33 

8 

21 

4 



55 

12 
31 



223 

163 

8 
44 
46 
39 
25 

1 



60 

12 

33 
9 
5 
1 



17 
13 

1 

7 
5 



25 

13 



8C 

77 

8 
12 
17 

39 
1 



1 

i 

1 

35 



30 

1 

6 



6 
6 
4 

121 

82 

4 

9 
12 
17 
39 

1 

39 

1 

6 
7 
7 
13 
5 



85 
76 

7 
15 
27 
26 

1 



47 
17 

3 

8 
2 

] 
3 

30 

10 
12 
3 
3 
1 
1 

132 

93 

3 
15 

17 

28 

26 

4 

39 

10 
12 
5 
6 
5 
1 



324 

297 

38 
70 
90 
96 
3 



2 

4 

i 

12 



179 

56 

16 

30 



1 

3 

123 

26 
49 
20 
16 
7 
5 

503 

353 

16 
68 
76 
91 
96 
6 

150 

26 
51 
24 
23 
19 



It is unfortunate that for a large number of the members 
the facts as to literacy were not (i'iven, 132 out of 508 persons 
not reporting upon this point. Of those making return, how- 
ever, it is found that more than one-half of the males and 
females can both read and write. 



White and Negro Population of the United States — 1900. 
We close this consideration of the negro l)y presenting a 
table which shows by States and Territories the white and 



318 



STATISTICS OF LABOR. 



[Pub. Doc. 



noo-ro ])0])ulation under and over 21 years of age, by sex, as 
taUen ironi the United States Census for 1900. 



White and Negro Population: 1900. 





MALES 


FEMALES 


States 


Under 2 1 Years 


21 Yeaks and 
over 


Under 81 Years 


21 Years and 


AND TEEKITOKIES. 
















White 


Negro 


White 


Negro 


White 


Negro 


White 


Negro 


North Atlantic Di- 


















vision, 


















Maine, . 


132,930 


225 


216,856 


445 


131,069 


262 


211,371 


387 


New Hampshire, 


74,2S3 


97 


130,648 


230 


74,615 


112 


131,245 


223 


Vermont, 


66,614 


165 


108,027 


289 


64,519 


165 


103,611 


207 


Massaehusetls, . 


518,529 


5,135 


830,049 


10,4.56 


529,384 


5,815 


891,802 


10,.568 


Rhode Island, . 


Sl.SSl 


1,.525 


124,001 


2,765 


83,049 


1,671 


130,169 


3,131 


Connecticut, 


171,227 


2,671 


275,126 


4,576 


171,905 


3,006 


274,166 


4,973 


New York, . 


1,413,0.19 


15,193 


2,145,057 


31,425 


1,441,036 


18,045 


2,1,57,729 


34,569 


New Jersey, 


373,793 


12,271 


532,750 


21,474 


379,424 


13,767 


526,3.50 


22,332 


Pennsylvania, . 


1,358,822 


27,680 


1,763,482 


51,668 


1,350,044 


30,,574 


1,669,316 


46,923 


South Atlantic Di- 


















vision, 


















Delaware, . 


32,894 


7,242 


45,.592 


8,.3'74 


32,061 


7,229 


43,430 


7,8.52 


Maryland, . 


212,140 


55,211 


260,979 


60,406 


212,375 


57,931 


266,9,30 


61,516 


Dist. Columbia, . 


32,879 


15,276 


60,318 


23,072 


34,195 


18,048 


64,140 


30,306 


Virginia, 


300,617 


177,337 


301,379 


146,122 


293,687 


181,957 


297,172 


155,306 


West Virginia, . 


240,884 


10,.381 


233,129 


14,786 


231,425 


9,2,35 


209,795 


9,097 


No. Carolina, 


342,892 


176,510 


289,263 


127,114 


333,791 


181,190 


297,657 


139,655 


So. Carolina, 


1.50,772 


230,766 


130,375 


1.52,860 


145,924 


236,889 


130,736 


161,806 


Georjjia, 


315,632 


286,796 


277,496 


223,073 


310,590 


298,146 


277,-576 


226,798 


Florida, 


76,766 


58,782 


77,962 


61,417 


74,696 


59,869 


67,909 


50,662 


North Central Divi- 


















sion, 


















Ohio, . 


871,6.53 


18,750 


1,180„599 


.31,2.35 


8(!0,093 


19,620 


1,147,859 


27,296 


Indiana, 


5.53,617 


11,515 


701,761 


18,186 


.541,488 


11,928 


661,636 


15,876 


Illinois, 


1,0,55,904 


15,359 


1,370,209 


29,762 


1,0.52,975 


15,623 


1,2.55,785 


24,334 


Michigan, . 


524,8.53 


3,027 


712,245 


5,193 


,516,964 


3,074 


644,,501 


4,.522 


Wisconsin, . 


494,393 


412 


,567,213 


1,006 


488,042 


425 


508,263 


699 


Minnesota, . 


422,467 


668 


502,384 


2,168 


412,498 


718 


399,687 


1,405 


Iowa, . 


519,002 


2,4:M 


630,665 


4,441 


,507,187 


2,461 


.561,813 


3,3.57 


Missouri, 


704,180 


34,788 


809,797 


46,418 


694,458 


35,776 


736,408 


44,2,52 


North Dakota, 


80,439 


58 


93,237 


115 


76,479 


.57 


61, .5.57 


.56 


South Dakota, . 


98,.585 


88 


107,353 


184 


94,088 


83 


80,688 


110 


Nebraska, . 


261,.522 


1,070 


297,817 


2,298 


2,54,647 


1,133 


242,.540 


1,768 


Kansas, 


342,370 


11,847 


398,.552 


14,695 


332,172 


11,961 


343,225 


13,500 


South Central Divi- 


















sion, 


















Kentucky, . 


478,842 


67,345 


469,206 


74,728 


467,120 


68.873 


447,141 


73,760 


Tennessee, . 


407,6.56 


126,1.52 


375,046 


112,236 


394,310 


127,161 


3f«,174 


114,694 


Alabama, . 


275,084 


227,766 


232,294 


181,471 


267,075 


230,489 


226,699 


187,,581 


Mississiiipi, . 


176,180 


255,448 


1,50,,530 


197,936 


171,393 


258,167 


143,097 


196,079 


Louisiana, . 


193,2(^4 


17.5,316 


177,878 


147,348 


189,8;30 


178,896 


1(;8,C40 


149,244 


Texas, . 


667,709 


173,260 


599,961 


136,875 


650,056 


176,749 


508,943 


133,838 


Indian Territory, 


85,818 


10,001 


77,865 


9,146 


81,148 


10,247 


.57,849 


7,459 


Oklahoma, . 


97,400 


4,682 


101, .543 


4,827 


92,872 


4,974 


75,709 


4,.348 


Arkansas, . 


263,273 


98,185 


226,597 


87,1.57 


2.56,091 


101,604 


198,619 


79,910 


Western Division, 


















Montana, 


44,266 


201 


94,873 


711 


42,0,58 


1,\3 


45,086 


428 


Wyomiii;^, . 


19,,581 


150 


36,2(!2 


481 


17,205 


124 


16,003 


185 


Colorado, 


107,874 


1,2,58 


181,616 


3,215 


106,165 


1,360 


133,391 


2,737 


New Mexico, 


45,232 


248 


.50,804 


775 


44,234 


248 


39,937 


339 


Arizona, 


20,319 


279 


34,911 


1,084 


19,142 


179 


18,,531 


306 


Utah, . 


73,718 


96 


6.5,205 


358 


73,163 


>^{\ 


60,379 


132 


Nevada, 


6,6(!6 


12 


14,6.52 


70 


6,203 


10 


7,884 


42 


Idaho, . 


.38,135 


36 


.50,328 


1.30 


36,1,56 


47 


29,876 


80 


Washinfiton, 


104,648 


359 


183,999 


1,230 


100,307 


308 


107,.3.50 


617 


Oregon, 


86,222 


117 


131,261 


560 


83,992 


123 


93,107 


305 


California, . 


265,602 


2,055 


1 489,.545 


3,711 


262,661 


2,079 


384,919 


3,200 



No. 15.] THE NECiKO IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



ai!! 



Recapitulation. 





POPDLATION BY DIVISIONS 


Sex and Age Periods. 


Niirtli 
Atlantic 


South 
Atlantic 


Ncirth 
Central 


South 
Central 


Western 


Totals 


White Population. 

Males 

Under 21 years. 

Over 21 years, . 
Females 

Under 21 years. 

Over 21 years, . 

Negro Population. 

Males 

Under 21 years. 

Over 21 years, . 
Females 

Under 21 years. 

Over 21 years, . 


20,637,888 

10,317,084 
4,1111,088 
6,125,996 

1(I,320,.S04 
4,225,045 
6,095,759 

385,020 

188,290 
(i4,962 

123,328 

196,730 
73,417 

123,313 


6,706,058 

3,381,969 
1,705,476 
1,676,493 
3,324,089 
1,668,744 
1,655,345 

3,729,017 

1,835,525 

1,018,301 

817,224 

1,893,492 
1,050,494 

842,998 


25,775,870 

13,300,817 
5,928,985 
7,371,832 

12,475,053 
5,831,091 
6,643,962 

495,751 

255,717 
100,016 
155,701 
240,034 
102,859 
137,175 


9,815,912 

5,056,146 
2,645,226 
2,410,920 

4,759,766 
2,569,895 
2,189,871 

4,193,952 

2,089,879 
1,138,155 

951,724 
2,104,073 
1,157,160 

946,913 


3,873,468 

2,145,719 

812,263 

1,333,456 

1,727,749 

791,286 

936,463 

30,254 

17,136 

4,811 

12,325 

13,118 

4,747 

8,371 


* 66,809,196 

34,201,735 
15,283,038 
18,918,697 
32,607,461 
15,086,061 
17,521,400 

t 8,833,994 

4,386,547 
2,326,245 

2,060,302 
4,447,447 
2,388,677 
2,058,770 



* Not including 181,592 i)ersons in Alaska, Hawaii, and stationed abroad, 
t Not including 6,795 persons iu Alaska, Hawaii, and stationed abroad. 

It will be understood, of course, that the negroes in Mas- 
sachusetts form but a small part of the population of the State, 
and their importance in the social fabric is relatively slight. 
In the light of recent events, however, this study of their 
number, intelligence, occupation, and adaptaliility as affected 
by the better environment and higher educational advantages 
of the North has been thought to be well worth the space de- 
voted to it, and to those interested in the advancement of 
the race much opportunity to draw their own conclusions is 
afforded. 



Contents — Concluded. 

Page 

Ownership of farms and homes, 276, 277 

Churches, social organizations, etc., 278-286 

Defective social and physical conditions, 286-292 

Negro occupants of institutions, Sept. 1903, .... 286 
Conjugal condition, ages, place of birth, and defective con- 
ditions, 287,288 

Paupers and homeless minors : 1895, 288, 289 

Defective physical conditions of negroes : 1895, . . . 289-291 

Causes of poverty, 291, 292 

Crime, 292-303 

Commitments of negroes : 1900-1902, 294-297 

Commitments for specified crimes : 1902, .... 297, 298 

Occupations of negroes committed : 1900-1902, . . . 298-300 

Negroes and others committed : 1900, 300-302 

Principal crimes : 1900, 302, 303 

Negro conference at Tuskegee, 303-317 

White and negro population of the United States — 1900, . . 317-319 



Approyed by thb Statb Board of Publication. 



Ceuaua of 189S. 

[The Decennial Census of 1895 comprises 
eerven volumes. j 

Vol. I. Out of print. 

Vol. II. Population and Social Statistics, 
cloth (57 c.) 

Vol. in. Population and Social StAtistics, 
cloth (24 < .). 

Vol, rv. Population and Social Statistics, 
cloth (43 c). 

Vol. V. Manufactures, cloth (26 c). 

Vol. VI. The Fisheries, Commerce, and 
Agriculture, cloth (33 c). 

Vol. VII. Social Statistics and General 
Summaries, cloth (16 c). 

Special Beports. 

A Manual of Distributive Co-operation — 
1885 (6 c). 

Report of the Annual Convention of the 
National Association of Oflicials of Bureaus 
of Labor Statistics in the United States — 
1902 (5 c.) ; 1903 (5 c). 

Iiaboi* Bulletins, 

No. 10, April, 1S99, Labor Legislation of 
1898 — Trade Unionism in Massachusetts prior 
to 1880 — Contracts with Workingmen upon 
Public Work — Foreign Labor Disturbances 
in 1897 — Quarterly Review of Employment 
and Earnings : Ending April, 1899 — Editorial, 
(4 c.). 

No. 11, JuLT, 1S99. Certain Tenement 
Conditions in Boston — Quarterly Review of 
Employment and Earnings : Ending July, 1899 
(4 c.). 

No. 14, Mat, 1900. Free Public Em- 
ployment Offices — Employment and Unem- 
ployment in the Boot and Shoe and Paper 
Industries — Legielation affecting Hours of 
Labor — Quarterly Review of Employment 
and Earnings: Ending April 30, 1900 — Sta- 
tistical Abstracts (3c.). 

No. 15, August, 1900. Household Ex- 
penses — Comparative Occupation Statistics 
for the Cities of Fall River, New Bedford, 
and Taimton — List of Subjects pertaining to 
Labor considered in the Latest Reports of 
American Statistical Bureaus — MasoachueettB 
Labor Legislation In 1900 — Quarterly Review 
of Employment and Earnings : Ending July 
30, 1900 (5 c.). 

No. 17, February, 1901. Occupations 
of Residents of Boston: By Districts — Un- 
employment In Boston Building Trades — 
Conjugal Condition of Women employed in 
Restaurants — Comparative Earnings In Five 
Leading Industries — Resident Pupils in Pub- 
lic and Private Schools in Boston — Statistical 
Abstracts (5 c). 

No. 21, February, 1902. Physically De- 
tective Population in Massachusetts in Relation 
to Industry — Distribution of the Industrial 
Population of Massachusetts — Compulsory 
Arbitration in New South Wales — Quarterly 
Record of Strikes — Statistical Abstracts 
(5 c.). 



No. 22, May, 1902. Rates of Wages in 
City Employment — Progress of Co-operation 
in Great Britain — Review of Employment 
and Earnings : Six months ending April 30, 
1902 — Quarterly Record of Strikes — Statisti- 
cal Abstracts (3 c,). 

No. 25, February, 1903. Chinese in 
Massachusetts — Unemployed for a Year — 
Retired with a Competency — Dependents 
upon Public or Private Charity — Quarterly 
Recoid of Strikes — Strikes and Lockouts In 
Massachusetts for 20 years — Statistical Ab- 
stracts (3 c.). 

No. 26, May, 1903. Trade and Technical 
Education in Massachusetts — Laws relating 
to Child Labor — Review of Employment and 
Earnings : Six months ending April 30, 1903 — 
Quarterly Record of Strikes — Recent Legal 
Labor Decisions — Statistical Abstracts (4 c). 

No. 27, August, 1903. Aliens in Industry 
— Immigration Act of the United States — 
Labor Day — Labor Legislation in 1903 — Quar- 
terly Record of Strikes — Statistical Abstracts 
(4 c.). 

No. 28, November, 1908. Aliens and 
Citizenship — Industrial Studies — Industrial 
Agreements — Proportional Earnings and Pro- 
duction — Review of Employment and Earn- 
ings—Quarterly Record of Strikes — Labor 
Legislation in Other States and Foreign Coun- 
tries — Recent Legal Labor Decisionw — Statis- 
tical Abstracts — Index to Bulletins Nos. 1 to 
28 (5 c.). 

No. 29, Jakuart, 1904. Eight-hour Day 
— Licensing of Barbers — Early Closing and 
Half -holiday Laws of Australasia — Indus- 
trial Studies, Proprietors — Palaces for the 
People — Quarterly Record of Strikes (6 c). 



Ijabor and Industrial Cbronoloiry. 

[Since 1899 those parts of the reports on the 
Statistics of Labor and Statistics of Manufac- 
tures relating to these subjects have been 
bound together in response to a demand for 
same. The following cloth bound copies are 
in print and will be mailed upon receipt of 
amount noted for postage.] 

1901 — 8 cents. 

1902 — 6 cents. 



LB^V'05 



